定语从句讲解 4.doc

定语从句讲解a beautiful girl a girl in white a girl who is singing定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当，对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。形容词作定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语）也可以担当定语。什么是定语从句呢？1. 定义：在复句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词 (名词或代词) 叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后边。3. 定语从句由于关系代词和关系副词引导，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。结构： 先行词 + 关系词 + 句子 The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 关系代词: 指人：who (主/宾格) that whom（宾格）指物：that which 指人或物的 ： whose关系副词: when, where, why一关系代词:1. who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）A person who steals things is called a thief.The man (who/whom )I talked with is our teacher. 2.whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省) He is a teacher (whom )I like very much.The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li. The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.3.which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略) Whats that animal which looks like a big mouse? A week later Mike received the camera (which) she had ordered.Is this the library (which) you borrow books from? Is this the library from which you borrow books?4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the man (that) I told you about.5. whose 指人或物，表示所属关系,在从句中作定语。eg. Thats the man whose house was burned down. He saw a house whose windows were all broken.Match the two sentences1.Im reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates. _2.He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese._ 3.I dont like the man. He is smoking.4.Where is the picture? You bought it last week._5This is a dream. The dream will never come true._ 6.The girl got first. Her father had given us a report._7. This is the card. Ive just received the card._8. This is the film star. The film star is very popular in China._9. The man is a famous writer. He described the man just now._10. The boy is my classmate. The boys father is a policeman._小结：who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略.that 既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。有时只能用 that , 不用 which, 常见的情况有六种：1.当先行词是 all, any, few, little, none, anything, everything, nothing ,或被它们修饰时。 Thats all that I know. Is there anything that I can do for you? He answered few questions that the teacher asked.2. 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时That is the most interesting book that I have ever read.The first thing that I should do is to review my lessons.3. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时。Thats the only thing that I can do now.These are the very words that he used.4. 当主句以 who 或 which开头时，定语从句的关系词用 that, 而不用 which 或 who.Who is the girl that spoke to you just now?Which is the pen that you lost ? 5先行词同时包括人或物时，关系词用that.The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate.跟踪练习1. This is my first trip _I have made in my life.2. The most beautiful place _he has visited is Guilin. 3. This is the only gift _I have got from him. 4. It is the very pen _ I am looking for.5. The last place _they visited in China was Mount Hua. 6. This is the very book _ belongs to him 7. You can borrow any book _ you want to read.8. Im sure she has something _ you can borrow选词填空 1 :Fill in the blanks with who, whom, whose, which and that.1.The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.2.The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister.3.I hate people _ talk much but do little.4.The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful.5. The man _ hair is white is his grandfather.6. Is there a student _ father is a business man?7.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now.8.My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons and things _ they could remember.9.Say all _ you know.10.Is there anything _ I can do for you?11The man _ I saw told me to wait. 12 I know a boy _ father is an acrobat. (杂技演员)13. All the apples _ fall are eaten by wild boars.14. Can you think of anyone _ could look after him?15. This is the best hotel _ I know.16.This is the first play _ I have seen since I came here.17. This is the best novel _ I have read.18.Who is the girl _is standing under the tree?19. Which is the machine _ we used last Sunday二关系副词：when/ where/whywhen 作时间状语When = 介词（in on at.) + which She will never forget the day when (=on which)she was married.where 作地点状语where = 介词(in on at.) + whichI want to know the place where (= in which) I was born. He showed me the building where(=in which) his father worked.why 作原因状语, 其先行词常常是the reason. why = for whichThat is the reason why(= for which) Im late.I know the reason why （=for which)he said it. 跟踪练习1.October 1,1949 is the day _ the PRC was founded.2.The farm _ we worked ten years ago isnt what it used to be.3.Is that the reason _ you are for the plan.4. Is this the place _ you were born? 5.The house _ the famous writer wrote his works is a museum now.6. That was the year _I went to America.7. Is this the place _ some German friends visited last year?8. He told her the reason_ he is unhappy, but she doesnt believe the reason _ he gives her.三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就不完整或不明确。非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。2 限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号分开，非限制性定语从句与主句之间要用逗号隔开.The film which was shown just now is very exciting. (限制性)We saw an exciting film , which is about how people fight against pollution. Do you remember the girl who taught us English Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. This is the place where he used to live. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day3. (非限制性) 限制性定语从句只修饰先行词，非限制性定语从句可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰其前面的整个句字或句字的一部分。She failed to the exam again, which made her mother very angry.He will made a trip to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful scenery. 4. 限制性定语从句可以用that引导; 非限制性定语从句不用that引导,应用 which/as引导. That is the interesting novel that/which you are eager to read.I read an interesting novel, which was about the Long March. 四及物动词 vt.与 不及物动词 vi.Vt. Spend find buy enjoy forget seeVi. Come go live stay sit work lookI speak and you listen. (vi.)I speak to you and you listen to me.(vi)I find a good method. (vt.)We visited a factory./ A factory was visited. (vt.)I stay at home.Jack bought a watch.We spent a nice day.They are working hard.Walk ahead and you will see the station.五关系代词和副词的选定取决于两个要素：1.先行词是人还是物2.关系代词或副词在定语从句中所充当的成分关系词的确定:关系代词- 从句结构不完整(缺主语或从句动词为vt却没有宾语)关系副词- 从句结构完整( 主语已经存在且从句谓语为不带介词的vi )考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。如齐全用关系副词。用什么关系副词看先行词。I will never forget the days _ (I stayed with you).Jurassic Park is about a park _ (a very rich man keeps different Kinds of dinosaurs).1958 was the year _ (Spielberg made his first real film).Please give me the reason _ (you made such a great success).Morning is the best time _ (you practise reading aloud).Do you remember the lake _ (you first met your girlfriend.）2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如是，用关系代词，如不是，用关系副词。 Yesterday we went to visit the house _ (the great writer used to live).The house _ (they built in 1987) stayed up in the earthquake.Luckily none of the people _( I know) were killed in the earthquake.My father was born in the year _(the Second World War broke out).3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被动结构，有主语，则用关系副词.如没有，则用关系代词。Kunming is a beautiful place _ ( flowers are seen all the year round).October 1st is the day _ ( new China was founded).The window _( was opened this morning) has been brokenThe meeting _ (will be held next week) is very important.注意：当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词时，不能草率地认为定语从句就一定用when 和where 引导，要分析句子结构，考虑关系词在从句中的作用再确定用关系副词还是关系代词：关系词在句中充当主语、宾语- which、that关系副词在句中充当状语 - where、when辨析：This is the museum _ my father used to work.This is the school _ we visited last week.Ill never forget the days _ I studied in this university.Ill never forget the days _we spent together.1. Is that the house _ you bought last year? A. where B. which2. Is that the picture _ you are laughing at? A. which B.where3. It is the most interesting book _Ill ever read. A. which B. that4.The street _is to the park is very narrow. A. where B. which5.This is the room _ we listened to the lecture. A. which B. where6.The boy _mother is ill can not come to the party. A. who B. whose7.Tell me the reason _ you are late. A. which B. Why8、This is the reason _ he told me A.which B.why考点四：关系代词前介词的确定如何选定介词:1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im sure.3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which 介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。eg. 1. I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born. 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in. 3. I dont know the reason why (for which) they havent come today. 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.即兴练习：1. The farm _ we worked ten years ago isnt what it used to be.2. He is the man _ you can turn for help.3. This is the tree _ we used to play games.4. The sun gives us heat and light, _ we cant live.5. The student _ we were talking just now is the best student in our class.6. Ill never forget the day _ she said goodbye to me.7. Who can give me the reason _ he hasnt turned up yet?非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，如： There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 考点五： Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south. They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospitalMr King，the legs of whom were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospitalMr King，of whom the legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospital为了活学活用，趁热打铁，请选用whose， of whom或of which填空： 1Mr Li picked up an English textbook，the cover _ had been torn 2Is there anyone in your class _ family is in Hubei province？ 3Li Hong is the student the pronunciation _ is the best in our class 4There are eight English teachers in their office， all_ are men teachers 5In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals，12_ were won by women 6He said，“I want to talk to the students_ the homework havent been handed in” 7There were some trees_ the leaves were yellow with disease on the hills last year 六as引导的定语从句 1. 用于the sameas,suchas，asas, soas中，一般用as。e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.This is the same book as I lent you yesterday. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.2. as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect, know, see, think, want, suppose等。 He won the match, as we had expected. He agreed to the plan, as we expected.as与which引导的定语从句 1、如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which. He failed to the exam, as (=which) is natural. Grammar is not a dead rule, which (=as) I have said before. 2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导定语从句。如：As we all know, his parents were killed in the war.As we all know, the earth is round 3. 用能做关系代词，as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用whic。He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (as指代一个句子，意为“正如”、“就像”)He has to work on Sunday, which he doesnt like. (which指代一个句子，没有“正如”、“就像”) He cheated his friend of mach money, which was very disgraceful. He came back late, which made his mother worried.填空 1. _we all know, China is rich in resources.2.The result of the experiment was very good，_we hadnt expected. 3. Such people _ were mentioned by him were honest. 4. Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an (= such a difficult) examination problem _none of us worked out.5.I like the same book _you do. 6.As many children _came were given some cakes. 7.He is as diligent a man _ ever lived. 8.I will provide you with such things _you may need9._ has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules10._is known to all, China is rich in resources.11.Whales are now fish, _ some people think. 12.He opposed the idea, _could be expected.定语从句练习1 1.Is this factory _ we visited last week. A、 Where B、that C、which D、the one 2.She will never forget the day_ she spent in Beijing. A、when B、what C、which D、why3.This is the school _ my father worked 20 years ago.A、 That B、when C、which D、where4、 This is the very factory_we visited last year. A、that B、which C、what D、the one 5。The college wont take anyone _ eyesight is weak. A、who B、whose C、of whom D、which6、 The text is one of the most interesting stories_learnt in the past three days. A、that have B、that have been C、which has D、which has been7、 The man _ you are talking is in the next room. A、to whom B、about whom C、about who D、whom8、 I，_ you good friend, will try my best to help you out. A、who is B、what is C、what am D、who am9、 His walking stick, _ he cant walk, was lost yesterday. A、that B、with which C、which D、without which 10.This is the only thing _ I can do now. A、what B、which C、that D、all11. There are three libraries in our school, _ were built five years ago. A、all of them B、either of them C、all of which D、both of that12. He told me the reason _ he didnt come here . A、which B、that C、why D、what13、 This is the reason _ he told me A、that B、why C、on which D、for that14. Which of the two cows _ you keep produces more milk? A、which B、that C、what D、as 15. The weather turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it16. John is the boy to _ I gave the money. A. who B. whom C. that D. which 17.His English, _used to be very poor, is now excellent. B. A.which B.that C. when D. what 18. Ill come at ten, _ Ill be free. A. which B. that C. when D. what 19. She has two brothers, _ are teachers. A. who B. that C. whom D. /20. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is21Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what22 John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. A. he B. this C. which D. who 23_ is known to all, the moon goes around the earth twice a month. A. As B. It C. Which D. What填空. Look at that lady _ name is Pochi.2. He is a teacher _ I like very much.3. Those pictures _ were drawn by Tom are nice.4. Those _will go to the park stay here.5. That was all the money _I had.6. Tom is the first boy _left the room.7. Look at the boy and his dog _are coming this way.8. You can read any book _I have.9. That was the year _I went to America.10. we came to the town, _we stayed for 2 hours.该错Correct the sentences:1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.3. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.4. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.5. Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from.6. The student whos book I had borrowed didnt come to school today.7. Who is the worker who took some pictures of the factory.8. It is the one of the best films which have been shown recently.9.The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou10.Which is known to all, many satellites a