高一英语补充语言点.doc

高一英语补充语言点湖北省十堰市第一中学 郭万铭（2005/9/28）do的三种用法1）do作代动词使用，代替上文出现的动词或动词短语，以避免重复：She loves singing just as her mother did. (did = loved singing)正像她妈妈喜欢唱歌一样，她也喜欢唱歌。Jack didnt feel just as his wife did. (did = felt)杰克并不像他妻子感受的那样。He speaks English better than he did. (=.better than he used to speak it.) 他现在英语讲得比过去好。-May I come round in the morning? -Yes, please do. -我上午过来好吗？ -好的。He was always meaning to buy some, but never did.他一直想买一些，却从来没买过。-Do you smoke? -No, but I did. -你抽烟吗？ -不抽，但我曾经抽。-Shall I write to him? -Yes, do. -我给他写信好吗？ -好的，写吧。2）do用来加强谓语动词的语气，可以加强祈使句、肯定形式的一般现在时和一般过去时中动词的语气，表示“确实”之意：Do be careful! 务必小心啊！ -Why didnt you tell me? -I did tell you! -你以前为什么不告诉我？-我告诉过你呀！He does speak well! 他确实讲得好。Please! Do be quiet a moment.请务必安静一会儿。 3）作“行；好（表示数量足够或干某事合适）（to be enough or be suitable）”讲,一般是不及物动词，偶作及物动词使用：Will 5 do?五镑够吗？You neednt use milk-water will do.你不需要用牛奶-用水就行了。/Will it do if we let you have an answer by Friday? 星期五之前我们给你答复行吗？/ It wont do for us to be late.我们晚了不行。/ It will do if you let me know in an hour or so.在一小时左右之内告诉我就行。/ Thats not quite what I wanted, but I think it will do.那不是我所想要的，不过也可以将就。/ It wont do to have a child always have its own way.让孩子老是我行我素是不行的。/ The money will do us for a while.这笔钱够我们用上一阵子。/ This hotel will do us.这家旅馆对我们合适。Ex: 1. -Would you like to have an apple or a pear? -_. A. Neither do I B. It doesnt matter C. Either will do D. Yes, please.2. -Shall I wake you up early tomorrow morning? -Yes, _. A. please do B. you shall C. you will D. you may3. -Shall we invite Tom to my party? -Yes. Itll be nice if you _. A. do B. do invite C. are D. invite4. Mary speaks English, but _? A. speaks Bill B. Bill speaks C. Bill does D. does Bill5. The girl loves singing and dancing just as her mother _. A. does B. is C. do D. washave作使役动词1）have +宾语+现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语与宾补之间是主动关系；本句型无被动语态；have是行为动词。又分为三种用法：a.与cant或wont连用，其含义为allow（许可）或permit（容许）：I cant have you doing that. = I cant allow you to do that.我不能容许你做那事。I wont have him cleaning his bicycle in the bedroom. = I wont allow him to clean his bicycle in the bedroom.我不能容许他在卧室里擦他的自行车。b.表示结果、后果：He soon had them all laughing.他很快就引得他们都笑了。Ill have you all speaking English well within a year.我将使你们在一年内英语都讲得很好。c.使/让一直 ，注意相关的时间状语：She had us working day after day.他使我们日复一日地工作。The two cheats had their lights burning all night long.那两个骗子把灯整夜都点亮着。2）have +宾语+不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语， 宾语和宾补之间是主动关系；本句型无被动语态；have是行为动词： Ill be proud to have you read the text.我很自豪地让你来读课文。Dont forget to have him come.别忘了让他来。3）have +宾语+及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语，宾语和宾补之间是被动关系；本句型无被动语态；have是行为动词。又分为两种用法：a. 让/使某事由某人做（其中某人未表达出来）：I didnt have my hair cut yesterday.我昨天没有理发。He had his bike repaired yesterday.他昨天（让人给他）修理了自行车。Ive just had some new photos taken.我刚刚（让人给我）拍了一些照片。Shes having her eyes examined/tested.她正在检查眼睛。b.遭受某种（令人不愉快的）情况，相当于被动语态：He had his hands burned.他烫了手/他的手被烫了。King Charles I had his head cut off.查理一世国王的头被砍掉了。She had her watch stolen.她的手表被偷了。He had his pocket picked.他的包被人掏了。4）have +宾语（由名词/不定代词充当）+带to的动词不定式作定语，意思是“有什么事要干”，其中 have作“有”讲,不再是“使、让”的意思，带to的不定式不是宾语补足语，而是定语：I have nothing to do.我无事可干。I have a lot of dirty clothes to wash.我有不少脏衣服要洗。I have two books to read.我有两本书要读。 He has too much work to do.他有太多的工作要做。Ex: 1. Being a teacher, she is not afraid to have her mistakes _. A. point out B. to point out C. to be pointed out D. pointed out2. The wounded soldier is going to _ a bullet（子弹）_ his arm this afternoon. A. take; from B. have; taken out of C. have; take from D. have; taking from3. -Your skirt is dirty. Youd better wash it. -Yes, it needs _ indeed and I will have it _ tomorrow. A. washing; washed B. to wash; washed C. washed; wash D. be washed; washed4. In warm countries, many people _ almost entirely of bamboo. A. has its house made B. had their houses make C. have their houses made D. have their houses making5. He worked so hard that he got his pay _. A. risen B. raising C. rise D. raised6. Well have an exam _ English tomorrow and the teacher _ us reading all the morning. A. in; made B. on; let C. on; forced D. in; had7. In the busiest season, the peasants were seen _ their tractors _ all day. A. have; worked B. have; worked C. to have; work D. to have; working 8. Why do you have the water _ all the time? A. ran B. to be running C. running D. to be run9. “Do you have any clothes _ today, sir?” asked the maid（女佣）politely. A. wash B. to wash C. to be washed D. to be washing10. He said that he hadnt written the composition and that he had nothing _. A. to write B. write C. to write to D. to write aboutmake+宾语+宾补1）make +宾语+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，不定式动作的执行者是宾语，而不是句子的主语：She made him stay to tea.她把他留下来喝茶。（他喝茶）What makes you tremble so?是什么使你如此发抖？（你发抖）You may take a horse to the water, but you cant make him drink.谚语你可以把马拉到水边，但你不能强迫它喝水。（马喝水）2）上一句型在被动语态中，不定式要带to：People who wont work should be made to work.应该强迫那些不愿干活的人干活。（那些不愿干活的人应该被强迫干活。）He was made to repeat the sentence.他被迫复述那个句子。We were made to work all night.我们被迫整夜工作。 3）make +宾语+过去分词作宾语补足语，宾语和宾补之间是被动关系：He couldnt make himself heard/understood.他无法使人听清他的话/明白他的意思。You should make your views known to us all.你应该让我们知道你的观点。/ That made them interested in maths.那使得他们对数学感兴趣。You must make yourself respected.你必须使自己受人尊敬。 4）make +宾语+形容词作宾语补足语：Praise makes good men better and bad men worse.谚语表扬能使好人更好，坏人更坏。Itll make me so happy if youll accept it.如果你愿接受的话，会使我感到很高兴。This made the street as light as day.这使得大街亮如白昼。5）上一句型若宾语较长（多为从句或不定式）的话，则用make +形式宾语it+宾补+宾语：I have to make it clear that my family was very poor.我不得不说明我家里很穷。（宾语为从句）This made it hard for me to control myself.这使得我很难控制住我自己。（宾语为不定式短语） 6）make +宾语+名词作宾语补足语：All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.谚语整天干活不玩耍，使杰克成了大傻瓜。She made herself the centre of her office.她使自己成了办公室的中心。Lets make that a rule.我们把那当作规矩吧。He made her his wife.他使她成为他的妻子。Ex: 1. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning2. Because of my poor English Im afraid I cant make myself _. A. understand B. to understand C. understanding D. understood3. The farmers were made _ ten hours a day _ the farm. A. to work; on B. working; at C. worked; on D. work; in 4. All the students in Class One made him _. A. monitor B. the monitor C. a monitor D. our monitor5. The speaker stood on the desk in order to make himself _ while _. A. see; speaking B. to be seen; to speak C. seeing; spoken D. seen; speaking6. Television and radio _ to know what is going on all over the world. A. make it possible of us B. have made it be possible for us C. have made us possible D. have made it possible for us7. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister. A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry8. The teacher could not make himself _ attention to because the students were so noisy. A. pay B. paid C. to pay D. to be paid9. This bed _ wood _ eight separate parts. A. made of; is made up of B. is made of; is made by C. made by; is made with D. is made from; is made up of10. We should make _ to the students that they must obey the school rules. A. that clear B. this clear C. it clear D. clear11. Many foreigners in England have considerable difficulty in making themselves _. A. to understand B. understand C. to be understood D. understood12. -Jack _ like the same person. -Having seen so much in the war _ him more thoughtful. A. doesnt seem; has made B. didnt seem; was making C. hasnt seemed; made D. isnt seeming; madeleave 1）作“离开（去某地）”解时，去的地方前应用介词for，而不是to：We leave for Tokyo by plane.我们坐飞机去东京。/ He left home for the station a few minutes ago.几分钟前他离开家去车站。2）leave +东西+表示地点的介词短语，意为“把某东西遗忘在某处了”，不可用forget表达此种用法：He left his hat on the train.他把帽子忘在火车上了。3）leave +money 等+to sb. ，把钱、财产等作为遗赠物遗赠给某人；leave +a question等+to sb. ，把某个问题或某事留交某人（决定、安排或处理）；leave sth. with sb.，把某物留给某人保管。 4）leave +宾语+过去分词作宾语补足语，宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，leave意为“让/使.继续处于. 状态”，过去分词多为un-过去分词：Its better to leave something unsaid.有些话还是不说好些。Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered.如果你提出的问题有的我没有回答的话，请原谅我。Who has left the door unlocked?是谁把门开着没锁？5）leave +宾语+现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语和宾补之间是主动关系：Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.不要让他在外面雨里等。He left me standing near the door.他让我站在门附近。6）leave +形容词/介词短语等作宾语补足语：We can leave the door open for the moment.目前我们可以让门开着。His illness has left him weak.他的病使他很虚弱。Leave me alone.别惹我。Leave him in peace!让他安静一会儿。His illness left him with a weak heart.他的病使他心脏虚弱。Ex: 1. Was the door of the office _ last night? A. remained open B. allowed open C. kept opened D. left open2. The boy said he _ his key in the car. A. had forgot B. had left C. will leave D. has forgotten3. -My watch is missing. -You _ it on the desk in your room. A. must forget B. must have forgotten C. must have left D. must leave4. On reaching the top floor I suddenly realized that I _ my room key at the service desk. A. had forgotten B. left C. had left D. forgot5. Ive _ my watch in the living room. Could you please _ it for me? A. forgotten; bring B. left; fetch C. forgotten; fetch D. left; take6. I have _ the key in the office, so I cant enter the room. A. forgot B. lost C. left D. missedfind out 1）了解；打听；弄清楚；发现（尤指坏事）；揭露to learn or discover (something) by effort, chance, experience, etc.；to learn or discover (a fact that was hidden); to discover (someone) in a dishonest act，弄清楚三个问题：a. 后面所接的成份；b. out何时可以省略；c.与find的区别。2 ) 作不及物动词短语：I wont tell you- you must find out for yourself.我不告诉你-你必须自己去弄清楚 。You call her up on the phone and find out.你给她打个电话，把情况搞清楚。I dont know how this car works, but Ill soon find out.我不知道这辆车怎么开，但是我很快就会弄清楚的。3）作及物动词短语，find out+名词/代词/wh-从句/wh-不定式：Ive found you out at last, you cheat！我终于把你看出来了，你这个骗子！Were finding out (=learning; discovering) what really happened.我们正在了解事情的真相。Ill find out when the train leaves.我将去打听火车什么时候开。I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.我找到了买水果便宜的地方。We must find out the truth of the matter.我们必须弄清楚事情的真相。I must ring up Mrs. Cox tomorrow and find out if Barbara is there.我必须给考克斯太太打个电话，看巴巴拉是否在她那儿。I havent been able to find out who broke the window.我还没有弄清楚是谁把窗户打破了。He will soon find out how to drive the car.他很快就会弄清楚怎样开车。 4）作“了解、打听”讲可省略out: I must find who to ask.我必须了解该问谁。Please find (out) when the train starts/where there is an express/how to get there.请打听清楚火车什么时候开/哪儿有快车/怎样才能到那儿。5）find out +that-从句：How did you find out that Burns was going to get a rise? 你是咋知道彭斯要得到升迁的？I had found out from him that he knew the subject thoroughly.我从他那儿了解到他对这个问题知道得很透彻。6）find out用于发现无形无迹、隐藏得很深的事情、东西，如发现秘密、罪恶、事情真相、正确答案等要用find out，而象找到丢失的小刀、帽子、丢失的小孩等，不用find out，而要用find。find的复合宾语结构（即find+宾语+宾语补助语） 1）find+宾语+名词：I find her a very honest woman.我发现她是一个很诚实的女人。Youll find it a very difficult book. 你会发现这是一本很难读的书。 2）find+宾语+形容词：You will find this book very difficult to read. You may find it difficult to finish the work on time.你可能会发现按时完成这项工作很难。（it 在本句中是形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式短语to finish the work on time。关于必须使用形式宾语it的有关规定，见make词条）I didnt find Chinese easy at first. 3）find+宾语+现在分词（宾语和宾补之间是主动关系，参见have词条）：He found a good many workers already working.他发现许多工人已经在干活了。We found him waiting to receive us.我们发现他在等着接待我们。I found her cooking supper.我发现她在做饭。 4）find+宾语+及物动词的过去分词（宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，参见have词条）：He found the door shut/closed.他发现门（被）关着。注意 close虽然可以作形容词使用，但作形容词用时没有“关着的”之意。若说“发现门开着”应该说 find the door open，open此处是形容词，不用其过去分词opened作宾补。He found two of the three windows broken.他发现三个窗户有两个破了。 5）find+宾语+介词短语或方位副词：Im so glad to find you at home/in.我很高兴发现你在家里。We went to her house but found her out.我们到她家去了，结果发现她不在家。I hope to find you in better spirits when we meet again.我希望我们下次见面时你的情绪会好一些。He was angry to find Mary with Tom. 当他发现玛丽同汤姆在一起时很生气。 6）find+宾语+to be不定式，to be可以省略，省略后则成了上述句型 1、2、5。一般不用其它动词的不定式形式：He found the patient to be a small boy of nine.他发现病人是一个九岁的男孩。We found him to be honest.我们发现他很诚实。We found her to be at home.我们发现她在家里。Ex: 1. They entered the room and found the child _ at the table. A. seat B. seating C. to seat D. seated2. I found a book marked with date and number _ on the ground with the back cover _. A. laying; torn B. lying; tearing C. lying; torn D. lain; tearing3. Lets _ when the ship will arrive. A. find out B. discover C. find D. look4. All Im trying to do is to _ why your condition has not improved. A. look for B. search for C. find out D. get in5. The question is too difficult and we find _. A. it not easy to answer it B. it not easy to answer C. it was not easy to answer it D. its not easy to answer see +宾语+宾语补足语 1）see +宾语+不带to的不定式，强调看见了不定式动作发生的全过程；若变为被动语态，to 要补上：You look so well. Ive never seen you look so well before.你看起来气色真好，我以前从未见过你的气色这么好。As he stood there he saw two men enter the hotel.当他站在那儿的时候，看见有两个人走进了那家旅馆。He was seen to fall.有人看见他摔倒了。He was seen to enter the hotel.有人看见他进了那家旅馆。 2) see +宾语+现在分词，强调看见现在分词的动作正在发生，可用于被动语态：I saw them working in the field when I got there.当我到达那里时看见他们正在田里干活。He was seen speaking to the teacher.有人看见他正和老师讲话。 3）see +宾语+过去分词，宾语和宾补之间是一种被动关系：He hated to see any bird killed.他不愿意看见任何鸟被杀死。I saw the man knocked down and the driver driving sway.我看见那个人被撞倒而司机又开车跑了。 4）see +宾语+形容词，看见.处于. 状态：Im glad to see you all so happy.我很高兴看到你们都很愉快。Ive never seen her so sure of herself.我从未见过她是如此自信。It was the first time she had ever seen him really angry.那是她第一次看到他真的生气了。 5）see +宾语+介词短语/方位副词：Im glad to see my son at work.我很高兴看见我儿子在工作。Im pleased to see you back.我很高兴看到你回来了。Ex: 1. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play2. The teacher saw the students _ basketball over there. A. playing B. played C. having played D. being played3. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow4. The poor woman with her children _ in a street corner. A. was seen beg B. were seen beg C. was seen begging D. were seen begging5. -Where was Li Ming last night? -I saw him _ his homework in the classroom. A. doing B. did C. to do D. was doingbe about to do sth. 1）表示即将发生的行为，用于最近的将来，不与时间状语连用： The train is about to leave.火车马上就要开了。They are about to start. = They are just going to start.他们就要出发了。）加上副词 just（构成be just about to结构)，使将来更具即时感：They are just about to leave.他们马上就要离开了。）用于过去将来时，带有未实现的意图的意思，注意与when的搭配使用：He was about to hit me.当时他正要打我。I was about to strike a match when I remembered Toms warning. = I was just going to strike a match when I remembered Toms warning.我正要划火柴，这时突然想起了汤姆的警告。He was just about to jump into the water when he saw the shark.他正要跳进水里，突然看见了鲨鱼。Ex: 1. The plane is on the point of taking off. =The plane _.A. is about to taking off B. is going to taking off C. is about to take off D. shall take off2. We _ start when _ came a knock at the door.A. were about to; it B. were about to; there C. were about; it D. were about; there3. This afternoon I _ when luckily our guide saw me and shouted at me. A. was just going to go swimming B. was just about to go swimming C. was to go swimming D. was just to swim4. He was _ to leave when the teacher came. A. just B. almost C. about D. at once5. Lets hurry. The meeting is _. A. began B. begin C. about to begin D. to be beginhappen 1）作“发生（take place; come about）”讲，是不及物动词，永远不用被动语态。happen可指偶然发生的事，take place主要用来指预先计划好的事。happen后接介词to，指某人发生了什么情况，尤其是指发生不幸的事：What has happened to her?她发生了什么事？ A bad accident happened to the family.这家出了大事。I hope nothing has happened to my friends.我希望我的朋友们什么事也没有发生。2）作“恰好；碰巧”讲，happen +动词不定式/ that-从句，分述如后。 3）happen +动词不定式一般形式（to do）：Someone in the ticket office happened to notice her.票房里有个人碰巧注意到了她。I happened to know about her.我碰巧听说过她。I happened to be out when he called.他来访时我碰巧不在家。4）happen +动词不定式进行形式（to be doing），强调不定式动作和happen这个动作同时发生，尤其是上下文有对比时间：She happened to be playing with the cat when her mother came in.她母亲进来时，她恰好正在玩猫。I happened to be writing a letter to her when she telephoned me.她给我打电话时碰巧我正在给她写信。5）happen +动词不定式完成形式（to have done)，强调不定式动作在happen所表达的动作之前发生：She happened to have been there.她恰好在那之前去过那里。I dont know whether you happen to have heard , but Im going to marry Miss Smith.不知你是否碰巧已经听说过，我打算同史密斯小