英语国家概况US Chapter Historyppt课件.ppt

Inwhichstateis Tellthenamesofthestates Massachusetts Maine NewYork Pennsylvania Michigan Illinois Texas Florida Georgia Nevada California Washington Connecticut 1 Chapter9AmericanHistory 2 ShrinkingoftheBeringlandbridge I AmericaintheColonialEra 1776 NativeAmericans Indians P112 1 1 Whendidtheycome 2 Whowerethey 3 TheDiscoveryofAmerica P112 2 WhoissaidthefirstonetodiscovertheNewWorld WhyisthecontinentnamedAmerica I AmericaintheColonialEra 1776 4 Thefirstcolony Jamestown Virginia 1607 P112 3 WhenwasthefirstBritishcolonyestablishedinAmerica WhyisthefirstcolonynamedJamestown Virginia I AmericaintheColonialEra 1776 5 InSep 1620 PURITANSleftPlymouthEnglandforVirginiabyMayflowerfromthisdock MayflowerMonumentatPlymouthEngland Plymouthrock 4thThursdayofNovember 1621 The2ndsettlement PuritanNewEngland 1620 P112 3 When whereandbywhomwasthe2ndenduringEnglishsettlementestablished Significance AsymbolofearlyEuropeancolonizationoftheAmericaWhichholidaywasoriginatedfromthepuritans oneofthetwoholidaysonlyobservedintheUS ThanksgivingDay P159 4thThursdayofNov apurelyAmericanholiday Plymouthmonument I AmericaintheColonialEra 1776 6 1492 1607firstEnglishcolony 1732lastEnglish By1733 colonies P112 4 1607 1776TheColonialPeriod 1607 1732 I AmericaintheColonialEra 1776 7 Background P112 4 theSevenYearsWarTheConflictbetweenBritainandtheAmericanColonistsEnglandimposednewtaxesandexpectedAmericanstolodgeBritishsoldiers Colonistsresentedthetaxesandresistedthequarteringofsoldiers Colonistsralliedbehindtheslogan Notaxationwithoutrepresentation P113 1 ExampleBostonTeaParty OnDecember16 1773 agroupofAmericansthrew342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbor II TheWarofIndependence 1775 1783 8 Process P113 InSep 1774 the1stContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoodsandColonialmilitiaunitswereorganized OnApril19 theshotsatLexingtonstartedtheIndependenceWar InMay 1775 the2ndContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia OnJuly4 1776 DeclarationofIndependencewasadopted InOct 1777 theVictoryinSaratogawastheturningpoint OnOct19 1781 theBritishsoldierswereforcedtosurrender In1783 theTreatyofPariswassignedandUnitedStateswonitsindependence TheterritoryofAmericawasgrantedaswestastheMississippiRiverandextendingfromFloridatoCanada II TheWarofIndependence 1775 1783 9 Sep 1774Apr 1775May 1775July4 1776Oct 1781Sep 1783 FirstContinentalCongressBeginningofIndependenceWarSecondContinentalCongressSignatureofDeclarationofIndependenceSurrenderofBritishtroopsSignatureofPeaceTreatyofParis II TheWarofIndependence 1775 1783 10 FoundingFathers 11 1777Jean BaptisteGreuzeportraitofFranklin Franklinonthehundreddollarbill BenjaminFranklin Jan17 1706 Apr17 1790 oneoftheFoundingFathersofU S Hewasanearlyproponentofcolonialunity andasapoliticalwriterandactivisthesupportedtheideaofanAmericannation AsadiplomatduringtheAmericanRevolutionhesecuredtheFrenchalliancethathelpedtomakeindependenceoftheUnitedStatespossible 12 Today Washington sfaceandimageareoftenusedasnationalsymbolsoftheUnitedStates 13 ManythingshavebeennamedinhonorofWashington 14 III CivilWar 1861 1865 TheCausesoftheCivilWar P114 2 3 Twodifferenteconomicsystemsexistedsidebyside Thechiefandimmediatecausewasslavery Inthesouth agriculturewasthemaineconomy slaverywasthefoundation Inthenorth industrialeconomyneededfreelabor Thenorthdemandedhightariffsandaskedthegovernmenttobuildaninfrastructureofroadsandrailways Thesouthadvocatedfreetrade soopposedhightariffs 15 III CivilWar 1861 1865 TheOutbreakoftheCivilWarUSobtainedtheterritoryofthe48contiguousstatesby1860 In1854 agroupofabolitionistsformedtheRepublicanParty AbrahamLincolnbecamethe16thpresidentin1861 TheSouthformedanewnation theConfederateStatesofAmerica LincolnwasdeterminedtomaintainFederalGovernmentasaunion ThewarbrokeoutonApril12 1861 16 III CivilWar 1861 1865 TheProcessoftheCivilWarChallengesAbrahamLincolnfaced firstpriority keepingtheUnitedStatesonecountryfreedomforblackpeople secondaryobjectiveAtthebeginningofthewar theUnionarmysufferedalotofsetbacks Inordertowinthewar LincolndecidedtomakethewarajustwaragainstslaveryandissuedtheEmancipationProclamationin1863 ManyblackslavesjoinedtheUnionArmy EnglandandFrancestoodbytheUnion sside 17 III CivilWar 1861 1865 GettysburgAddress Gettysburgaddressoriginal GettysburgbattleInJuly 1863 theUnionarmydefeatedtheConfederatearmyatGettysburg Pennsylvania whichwasaturningpointoftheCivilWar ItgreatlyencouragedtheUnionArmy Afterthebattle Lincolnmadeashortspeech whichwaslatercalledGettysburgaddressendingwith thatthisgovernmentofthepeople bythepeople forthepeople shallnotperishfromtheearth 民有 民治 民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失 18 III CivilWar 1861 1865 ThetrainwhichtookhisbodytohisformerhomeinSpringfield Illinois traveled12daysbeforereachingitsdestination forallthetowns villagesandeventherailwayitselfwerepackedwithpeoplepayingtheirlastrespecttoLincoln TheResultoftheCivilWarOnApr9 1865 GeneralLee commandinggeneraloftheConfederatearmy surrenderedhistroops OnApr 14 Lincolnwasassassinatedbyacrazedactor Itresolvedtwofundamentalissues Slaverywascompletelyabolished Americabecameasingleandstrongernation 19 Lincoln slifeFeb12 1809 borntotwouneducatedfarmers inaone roomlogcabinonthe348 acre 1 4km SinkingSpringFarm insoutheastHardinCounty Kentucky1816 7Brieflyattendsschool Hisfamilywasforcedoutoftheirhome HehadtoworktosupportthemandcrossestheOhioRiverandsettlesinthebackwoodsofIndiana 1818 9kickedintheheadbyahorseandforabrieftimeisthoughttobedead Oct 5 hismotherdiesof milksickness attheageof34 1831 22AbemakesasecondflatboattriptoNewOrleans Hisfathermovesagain butAbedoesn tgoandinsteadsettlesinNewSalem Illinois whereheworksasaclerkinthevillagestoreandsleepsintheback Learnsbasicmath readsShakespeareandRobertBurnsandparticipatesinalocaldebatingsociety Failsinbusiness 1832 23InMar becomesacandidateforIllinoisGeneralAssembly州议会 TheBlackHawkWarbreaksout InApril AbeenlistsandiselectedCaptainofhisriflecompany Re enlistsasaprivateaftercompanyisdisbanded Heservesatotalof3monthsbutdoesnotfightinabattle Aug6 losestheelection Thevillagestoreheworkedingoesoutofbusiness Lincolnandpartner WilliamBerry purchaseanothervillagestoreinNewSalem Runsforstatelegislature lost Alsoloseshisjob wantstogotolawschoolbutcan tgetin 1833 24Borrowssomemoneyfromafriendtobeginabusinessandbytheendoftheyearheisbankrupt Hespendsthenext17yearsofhislifepayingoffthisdebt LincolnisappointedPostmasterofNewSalem InAutumn LincolnisappointedDeputyCountySurveyor 1834 25OnAug4 iselectedtotheIllinoisGeneralAssemblyasamemberoftheWhigparty Beginstostudylaw InDec meetsStephenA Douglas 21 aDemocrat 1835 26InJan formerstorepartnerWilliamBerrydies increasingLincoln sdebtto 1000 engagedtobemarried sweetheartdiesandhisheartisbroken 1836 27Hasatotalnervousbreakdownandisinbedforsixmonths Aug1 re electedtotheIllinoisGen AssemblyandbynowisaleaderoftheWhigparty September9 Lincolnreceiveshislawlicense BeginscourtshipofMaryOwens 28 HasanepisodeofseveredepressioninDecember III CivilWar 1861 1865 20 Lincoln slife1809年 出生在寂静的荒野上的一座简陋的小屋1816年 7岁 全家被赶出居住地1818年 9岁 年仅34岁的母亲不幸去世1827年 18岁 自己制作了一艘摆渡船1831年 22岁 经商失败1832年 23岁 竞选州议员 但落选了 想进法学院学法律 但进不去1833年 24岁 向朋友借钱经商 年底破产 接下来花了16年 才把这笔钱还清1834年 25岁 再次竞选州议员 当选1835年 26岁 订婚后即将结婚时 未婚妻病逝1836年 27岁 精神完全崩溃 卧病在床6个月 III CivilWar 1861 1865 21 Lincoln slife1838 29HelpstosuccessfullydefendHenryTruettinafamousmurdercase Aug6 re electedtotheIllinoisGen Assembly becomingWhigfloorleader议会中的政党领袖 Seekstobecomespeakerofthestatelegislature defeated 1840 31June LincolnargueshisfirstcasebeforetheIllinoisSupremeCourt August3 re electedtotheIllinoisGen Assembly InFall becomesengagedtoMaryTodd Seekstobecomeelector defeated 1843 34LincolnisunsuccessfulintryfortheWhignominationforU S Congress August1 firstchildisborn RunsforCongress lost 1846 37 March10 ason EdwardBakerLincolnisborn May1 nominatedtobetheWhigcandidateforU S Congress August3 electedtotheU S HouseofRepresentatives RunsforCongressagain thistimehewins goestoWashingtonanddoesagoodjob 1848 39Jan22 givesaspeechonflooroftheHouseagainstPresidentPolk swarpolicyregardingMexico InJune attendsthenationalWhigconventionsupportingGeneralZacharyTaylorasthenomineeforpresident CampaignsforTaylorinMarylandandinBoston Mass theninIllinois Runsforre electiontoCongress loses 1849 40Mar7and8 makesanappealbeforetheU S SupremeCourtregardingtheIllinoisstatuteoflimitations butisunsuccessful Mar31 returnstoSpringfieldandleavespoliticstopracticelaw Seeksthejoboflandofficerinhishomestate rejected 1854 45Re enterspoliticsopposingtheKansas NebraskaAct ElectedtoIllinoislegislaturebutdeclinestheseatinordertotrytobecomeU S Senator RunsforSenateoftheUnitedSates loses 1856 47May29 helpsorganizethenewRepublicanpartyofIllinois AtthefirstRepublicanconvention Lincolngets110votesforthevice presidentialnomination bringinghimnationalattention 1858 49Jun16 nominatedtobetheRepublicansenatorfromIllinois opposingDemocratStephenA Douglas Gives HouseDivided speechatthestateconventioninSpringfield AlsoengagesDouglasinaseriesofsevendebateswithbigaudiences RunsforU S Senateagain againheloses 1860 50May18NominatedtobetheRepublicancandidateforPresidentoftheUnitedStates OpposesNorthernDemocratStephenDouglasandSouthernDemocratJohnBreckinridge InJun writesalongerautobiography 1864 54Nov8 Lincolnisre electedpresident defeatingDemocratGeorgeMcClellan Lincolngets212of233electoralvotesand55percentofthepopularvote 1865 55April14 LincolnandhiswifeMaryseetheplay OurAmericanCousin atFord sTheater About10 13p m duringthethirdactoftheplay JohnWilkesBoothshootsthepresidentinthehead Doctorsattendtothepresidentinthetheaterthenmovehimtoahouseacrossthestreet Heneverregainsconsciousness III CivilWar 1861 1865 22 Lincoln slife1838年 29岁 努力争取成为州议员的发言人 没有成功1840年 31岁 争取成为被选举人 落选了1843年 34岁 参加国会大选 又落选了1846年 37岁 再次参加国会大选 这次当选了1848年 39岁 寻求国会议员连任 失败了1849年 40岁 想在自己州内担任土地局长 被拒绝了1854年 45岁 竞选参议员 落选了1856年 47岁 在共和党的全国代表大会上争取副总统的提名得票110张1858年 49岁 再度参选参议员 再度落选1860年 51岁 当选美国总统1864年 55岁 连任美国总统 北方军取得胜利1865年 56岁 内战结束公开地被枪杀在剧场 III CivilWar 1861 1865 23 永不退缩的林肯总统Bornintopoverty Lincolnwasfacedwithdefeatthroughouthislife Helosteightelections twicefailedinbusinessandsufferedanervousbreakdown 生下来就一贫如洗的林肯 终其一生都在面对挫败 八次竞选落败 两次经商失败 甚至还精神崩溃过一次 Hecouldhavequitmanytimes buthedidn tandbecausehedidn tquit hebecameoneofthegreatestpresidentsinthehistoryofthecountry 好多次 他本可以放弃 但他并没有如此 也正因为他没有放弃 才成为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一 Feb12 AbrahamLincoln sbirthdayFeb22 GeorgeWashington sbirthday3rdMondayinFeb Washington LincolnDay Presidents Day III CivilWar 1861 1865 24 TheLincolnMemorialinWashington D C TheLincolnMemorial standsinWestPotomacParkinWashington D C SculptureinsidetheLincolnMemorial 25 TheLincolnTombinSpringfield 斯普林菲尔德 26 Lincoln slikenessonMountRushmore 27 Lincoln scloseupon5dollarbill UnitedStatescoin obverse 2002 Lincoln 5billandtheLincolncent 28 AbrahamLincolnwaselectedPresidentascandidateof A theDemocraticPartyB theRepublicanPartyC theWhigPartyD Noneoftheabove III CivilWar 1861 1865 29 AbrahamLincolnissued tograntfreedomtoallslaves DeclarationofIndependenceConstitutionEmancipationProclamationBillofRights III CivilWar 1861 1865 30 TheEmancipationProclamationwasissuedby duringtheCivilWar GeorgeWashingtonAbrahamLincolnThomasJeffersonFranklinRoosevelt III CivilWar 1861 1865 31 References 余志远 1996 英语国家概况 M 北京 外语教学与研究出版社张奎武 2000 英美概况 下 M 吉林 吉林科学技术出版社 32 DeclarationofIndependence Thesigned engrossedcopyoftheDeclaration nowbadlyfaded isondisplayattheNationalArchivesinWashington DC Thesigned engrossedcopyoftheDeclaration nowbadlyfaded isondisplayattheNationalArchivesinWashington DC Allmenarecreatedequalandhumanbeingsarebornwithmanyunalienablerightssuchasliberty lif