名词用法.doc

英语基础语法知识介绍名词一、定义与分类名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据名词的词汇意义，通常可将其分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示人、地方、组织、机构等的专有名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写；普通名词表示人、物、概念等的一般名称。普通名词根据其语法性质可分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。二、名词复数的构成方法1. 在一般情况下，加词尾 s；而以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 es。如：desk / desks 课桌 class / classes 班，课box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子注：stomach / stomachs(胃)是例外。2. 以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以“元音字母y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s；以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，也有两种可能：即有些直接加词尾-s，有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves：family / families 家 key / keys 钥匙thief / thieves 贼wolf / wolves 狼注：在中学英语范围内，要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词)：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。(from )3. 以 o 结尾的名词，有些加词尾 -s，有些加-es，有些加-s或-es均可：kilo / kilos 公斤 hero / heroes 英雄zero / zero(e)s 零注：在中学英语范围内，加词尾-es 的主要有以下4个：tomato(西红柿)，potato(土豆)，hero(英雄)，Negro(黑人)。三、单数与复数同形的名词sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼deer 鹿 Chinese 中国人Japanese 日本人 Portuguese 葡萄牙人Swiss 瑞士人 aircraft 飞行器means 方法 series 系列head (牛等的)头数 works 工厂注：fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式，尤其是表示种类时；head 若不是表示牲口的“头数”，而是表示“人的头”或“人数”，则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。四、不规则的复数名词man / men 男人 woman / women 女人child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅mouse / mice 老鼠 ox / oxen 公牛五、名词的可数性名词根据其可数性可分为可数名词和不可数名词。这两类名词的主要特点如下：1. 可数名词的用法特点：可以有复数形式；可直接在其前使用不定冠词或数词；可受 these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of 等修饰。如：There are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五间房。There were many things to be done. 有很多事情要做。A large number of students are Asians. 很多学生是亚洲人(from )。2. 不可数名词的用法特点：通常没有复数形式；其前不可直接用不定冠词或数词；可用(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any 等修饰；要表示数量不可在前面直接加数词，而要用 a piece of 之类的结构。如：Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。They havent much furniture. 他们没有多少家具。He lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。六、不可数名词与可数名词的转化有的不可数名词在某些特殊情况下可转化为可数名词，如：1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。如：It was a special tea. 这是一种特别的茶。She brought us three coffees. 她给我们端来三杯咖啡。2. 有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时，可用作可数名词。如：The party was a great success. 晚会非常成功。3. 有些由动词思转化来的名词，表示“一场 / 阵 / 件”时，可受不定不定冠词的修饰(此时通常有形容词或 of 短语修饰)。如：A heavy snow was falling. 下着一场大雪。Id better go and have a wash now. 我还是现在去洗个澡。七、名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。1. -s所有格的构成方法为：对于单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词，直接在其后加 -s构成；对于带词尾-s的复数名词只加省字撇()。如：Jims parents 吉姆的父母mens club男子俱乐部the teachers office 教师办公室注：用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-s：Jacks and Mikes rooms 杰克和迈克(各自)的房间Jack and Mikes room杰克和迈克(共同)的房间(from )2. -s所有格的用法：-s 所有格通常用于有生命者，但有时也可用于无生命的东西，如用于表时间或距离的名词后，用于表示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词后等。如：Wherere todays papers? 今天的报纸在哪里?Whats your governments policy? 你们政府的政策是什么?It is the countrys biggest city. 它是这个国家最大的城市。3. of 所有格即指在名词后使用 of 短语来表示所有关系，它既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。如：We all like the son of Mr Green. 我们都喜欢格林先生的儿子。Ill never forget the beauty of the lake. 我永远不会忘记那座湖的美丽。注：of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如：(from )That mans name is interesting. = The name of that man is very interesting. 那个人的名字很有趣。4. 双重所有格。双重所有格就是指同时既使用 -s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。如：a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生的一张照片注：被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时，通常带有一定的感*彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等)。如：That little daughter of your cousins is really lovely. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(表赞赏)That daughter of your cousins is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)另外，有时是否使用双重所有格会导致意义的变化。比较：a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生收藏的一张照片a photo of Mr Smith 史密斯先生照的一张照片八. 名词的功能 名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语和定语。例句如下：1. These ideas may seem strange to you . 这些想法似乎对我很奇怪。ideas 作主语 2. Both of them are doctors .他们两个都是医生。 doctors 作表语3. We love our great motherland . 我们热爱我们伟大的祖国。motherland 作宾语4.We elected him monitor of our class .我们选他当我们班的班长。monitor 作补足语5. This is Mr Black , our department manager. 这是布莱克先生，我们部门的经理。manager 作同位语； department 作 定语四、名词作定语1）在现代英语中，无论是口语还是书面语，名词作定语都使用得相当普遍。名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，常表示时间、地点、功能、性别、科目 、材料等。如：an evening paper 晚报， afternoon tea 午茶， school life 学校生活，Tianjin Railway Station天津火车站， a wine glass 酒杯， a shoe store 鞋店maths teacher数学老师 sun glasses 太阳镜 a train ticket 火车票，food industry 食品工业， an iron bridge 铁桥， a woman astronaut 女宇宙员， 2）注意有些名词可以用其相应的形容词形式作定语，用来表示被修饰名词的特点或属性，要区别二者意思的不同。如：a gold watch 金表（指手表是含金的） a golden watch 金色的表（指表是金色的，但不一定含金）the history teacher 历史老师 the historic May 4th Movement 具有历史意义的五四运动3）在英语中有些词既可作名词，也可作形容词。我们可以把他们看作是名词作定语，也可以认为是形容词作定语，但意思不同。如：an English (n.) teacher 一个英语教师an English (adj.) teacher 一个英国教师遇到这种情况，我们只能在一定的语境中，通过上下文，才能判断其词类，准确把握其含义九、名词习语某些名词可以与其他单词构成固定搭配，要注意积累有关习语，因为对名词习语的考查也是考点之一。如：do shopping 购物 ，make room 腾地方 ， make sense 有意义， make fun of 取笑， out of sight 消失 ， all of a sudden 突然， 等等。十、语法要点1、不同国籍人的单复数国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes2、Chinas与Chinese有何区别（1）Chinas为名词所有格，强调所属关系。如：Chinas population is large. 中国人口众多。(2) Chinese为形容词，表示属性，视所修饰的名词不同，意思稍有不同：Maotai is a Chinese wine. 茅台是一种中国酒。名词专项练习1. 判断下列名词是否可数名词,将其可数名词改为复数形式1. brush 2. tomato 3.radio 4. roof 5. tooth 6. Japanese 7. meat 8. air 9. clothing 10.paper 2.指出下列划线名词的语法作用。例：These ideas may seem strange to you . 这些想法似乎对我很奇怪。ideas 作主语 1. The flowers are beautiful . （ ） 2. Both of them are lawyers . （ ）3. We love our great motherland（ ）4. we made him our monitor of our class . （ ）5. This is Miss Alice , our good friend . （ ） 6. They are college students . （ ）7. Mother, please look after your children . （ ）3.用所给名词的正确形式填空1. The students are making _ for the coming examination . ( preparation)2.He is making a study of fresh-water _ ( fish ) .3.Various _ ( fruit ) are on sale now . 4.Some 260 _ were presented at the meeting . ( paper ) 5. Mary is a daughter of _ . (Mr Brown) 6.In the old days , my father went to the _ school . ( night ) 7.Yesterday I called at _ . ( Marys sister ) . 8. You should do more _ . Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _. ( exercise)9.Its very cold there . _ temperature can drop below freezing . ( Room ) 10. Where are _ shoes sold ? ( children ) 4. 单项选择1Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices2. Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into _ .A. fact B. practice C. reality D. deed3. He dropped the _ and broke it .A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup4. Weve missed the last bus ; Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection5. Heres my card .Lets keep in _ A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friend ship 6. He gained his _by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; worksC. wealths; works D. wealth; works7. If by any chance someone comes to see me , ask them to leave a _ A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice8. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get around London A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness9. Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard- _ , you failed A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time10. I dont think Ill need any money but Ill bring some _ .A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time 5选择填空 1MrGaoisateacher.Heworksinanew_. Ashop Bschool Cfactory Dhospital 2Ifyouwanttoknowthemeaningofaword,youcanlookitupina_. Adiary Bdictionary Cnewspaper Ddiagram 3MrShuteisafriendof_. AJohnsuncle BJohnuncles CJohnsunclesDJohnuncle 4-Wouldyoulike_tea? -No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo_. Aany;bottlesoforangeBsome;bottlesoforange Cmany;bottlesoforangesDfew;bottleoforanges 5-Whendoyouusuallyhaveyour_intheevening? AthingsBriceCmealDfood 6Iusuallygotoa_toborrowsomebooks. AshopBcinemaChospitalDlibrary 7Peopleoftenusehorsesfor_. AhardworkingBworkinghardCworkhardDhardwork 8Theword“houses”underlinedpartispronounced_.sizBzizCzisDis9UncleWangboughttwo_yesterday. AwatchsBwatchesCwatchDwatchss10Therearealotof_downtherebuthardlyany_. Asheeps;peopleBsheep;peopleCsheeps;peoplesDsheep;peoples11Thereisa_overtheriver. AshipBboatCbridgeDvillage12In_time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees,too.fewyearsBafewyearsCafewyearDafewyears13Therearelotsof_inthebasketonthetable. AtomatosBtomatoCtomatossDtomatoes14Whose_arethese?A.photoBphotoesCphotosDphotoss15Thecatcaughttwo_lastnight. AmousesBmiceCmouseDmices 16Jackwenttohavetwo_pulledoutyesterdayafternoon. AtoothsBtoothCteethDtoothes 17Theleaningtowerisabout180_high. AfeetBfootsCfootsDfeets 18Therearemany_onthehill. AsheepsBsheepCsheepesDsheeps 19Therearesix_andfifteen_inthisworkshop. Amans;womansBmen;womenCmen;womansDmans;women 20Inourschooltherearefifty-five_.A.womenteachersB.womanteachers CwomenteacherDwomansteacher21Thedaybeforeyesterdayshetoldme_news. AagoodBsuchagoodCsogoodaDapieceofgood 22Iwontgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof_todo. AworksBjobCworkDworking 23_willconquer（征服）nature.ThemanBAmanCTheme DMan24LiLeiisafriendof_. AIsisterBmysistersCmesisterDmysisterof 25Haveyouread_? AtodaysBtodaypaperCthetodayspaperDtodayspaper 26Theoldwomanfeedsfour_. ApiggsBpigesCpigsDpig 27Thereareseven_inaweek. AdayesBdaysCdaiesDday 28GradeThreeisdividedintoseven_inourschool. AclassBclassesCclasssDclass 29Howmany_arethereintheroom? AboxesBboxCboxsDboxxes 30There_allkindsof_inthisshop.are;watchesBbe;watches Cis;watchsDare;watchs根据句意，选用适当的词填空（同义近义词） 31Canyouanswermy_,Jim? (AquestionBproblem) 32Doyouknowthegirl_thosepeople? (AbetweenBamong) 33Hewontgothere,Iwont,_. (AtooBeitherCalso) 34Canyou_meyourpen?(AborrowBlend) 35Whoisgoingto_atthemeeting? (AsayBspeakCtalkDtell) 36Dont_inbed.Itsbadforyoureyes. (AseeBreadClook) 37Doyoulikereadingthis_book? (AinterestingBinterested) 38Mymotherisill.I_stayathomeandlookafterher. (AhavetoBmust) 39Idontknow_ornotshecanspeakEnglish.(AifBwhether) 40Go_thebridge,youllfindthebusstopontheleft. (AcrossBinCacrossDalong)一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空： 1.One in four people worldwide (be) without good homes. 2.The police (say) the killing of the young man was an accident. 3.Her family (have) been in Los Angeles since the turn of the century. 4.Polities (be) seen as a mans world, but difficult for women to get on. 5.Broadcast(广播) news (be) true, but not interesting. 6.The United Nations (have) asked for help from the international community. 二、单项选择填空： 1.We need some more . Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2.What big _ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3.Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 4.On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 5.He gave us_ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice 6.When we saw his face, we knew _ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 7.He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces breads 8.How many _have you got on your farm? Ive got five. A. cow B. sheep C. pig D. chicken 9.Some_came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.Germanies 10.A group of _will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Canadian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 11.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of_. A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park 12.There are sixty-seven_ in our school. A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 13.September 10th is _ in China. A. Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 14.Excuse me, where is the _ ? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms 15.The football under the bed is _ . A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys 16.In a few _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years C. years D. years 17.Its about _ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 18.Half _ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds 19.Miss Smith is a friend of _ . A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 20.Have you seen Toms and Johns _? A. pencil-box B. pencil-box C. pencil-box D. pencils-box 中考名词专项练习( )1.I hear we will have a _ holiday in _.A. two days, two days time B. two day, two days timeC. two-day, two days time D. two days, two-day time( )2._ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu. A. Li Lei and Lucys B. Li Leis and LucysC. Li Lei and Lucy D. Li Leis and Lucy( )3.There are four _ and two _ at _.A. Johns, Marys, doctors B. Johns, Marys, doctorsC. Johns, Marys, doctors D. John, Mary, doctors( )4.-What would you like to drink, girls?-_, please. A. two cup of coffee B. two cups of coffeeC. two cups of coffees D. two cup of coffees( )5.Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers( )6.Oh, dear, I forgot the two _.A. rooms number B. rooms numbers C. room numbers D. rooms numbers( )7.This is Elizabeth Tina Brown, our new teacher. You may call her _.A. Mr. Brown B. Miss Brown C. Mrs. Tina D. Ms. Elizabeth( )8.There are many _ in the basket.A. tomatoes B. tomatos C. tomato D. tomatoes( )9.They are _.A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachers( )10.-What can I do for you?- Id like some _.A. jar of orange B. jar of oranges C. jars of orange D. jars of oranges( )11.Mr. Black has a _. A. ten year old boy B. ten-year old boy C. boy of ten year old D. boy of ten( )12.Were _ and theyre _. A. China, America B. Chinese, Americans C. Chinas, Americas D. Chineses, Americans( )13.Have you got _? A. enough of bread B. enough of the breads C. enough of the bread D. enough the bread( )14.Miss Smith is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers( )15_ are going to see a film.A. Greens B. A Greens C. The Greens D. The Greens综合能力训练：组：( )1. There _ many _ in the fields.A. is, sheep B. is, sheeps C. are, sheeps D. are, sheep( )2. That bridge was made of _ in 1919.A. wood B. wooden C. some woods D. woods( )3. If your shoes are too small, you can buy a bigger _.A. one B. shoes C. pair D. pairs( )4. His grandpa has two _.A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law C. son-in-laws D. sons-in-laws( )5. There _ in todays newspaper.A. is two pieces of news B. are two pieces of newC. is two piece of news D. are two pieces of news( )6. Several _ are still watching the traffic on a rainy day.A. hundreds polices B. hundred police C. hundred polices D. hundreds police( )7. I found _ in the city of Guangdong.A. a