英文学习资料-非谓语动词.doc

专题八 非谓语动词历年非谓语动词考点分析1.出现频率较高，平均每年出两道选择题。2.应注意其主、被动含义：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。3.注意其完成式与进行式用法：having done或having been done只做状语而不用于定语；to have been done表示其 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。4.一定要记住其固定用法。 动词根据其能否作谓语动词可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。顾名思义，非谓语动词在句中不能单独做谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词（一）动词不定式1. 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，它由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式为 not + to do （1）不定式具有动词的特性，可有自己的宾语和状语，不定式+宾语和（或）状语，构成不定式短语。 to write a letter； to read the text slowly Would you like to tell me how you overcome the difficulties ？I prefer to go there by bike. （2）不定式+某些疑问代词或疑问副词，构成特殊的不定式短语。 what to do next； when to start； how to get there （3）“for +名词或代词+不定式”，构成另一种特殊的不定式短语，表明其逻辑主语。 for us to look for a job； for them to do （4）宾语+不定式构成不定式复合结构，作复合宾语。I want all of you to make rapid progress. （5）不定式在语法上不能有主语，但由于表示的是动作，在意义上可以有主语，这种主语叫逻辑主语。We came to study. Well send him to study abroad. Its difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.2. 不定式的时态:主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been done 1) 不定式的完成时、进行时、完成进行时、一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作、状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生；假如不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作、状态之前发生，不定式就用完成时； 如果主要谓语表示的动作发生时不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行时；如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作而是在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需用完成进行时。2) 不定式的被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式：to be done.(1) 在有些结构中，不定式虽然表示被动的意思，但用的是主动形式。这是因为不定式虽与最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词或代词却可能有主谓关系。若无此种关系，就依然使用被动形式为好。 We still have many difficulties to overcome.He has no one to take care of.Give him some books to read.Hell show you the right path to take.They found the lecture hard to understand.(2)在there is (are)引起的句中，用来修饰主语的不定式既可用主动也可用被动。There is no time to lose (to be lost).3. 不定式的作用：A. 作主语：不定式作主语，后面的谓语动词用单数。 To see is to believe. To act like that is foolish.To know something about English is one thing, to know English is quite another.(1) 在多数情况下，特别在口语中，为了使句子显得平衡，常用代词it 代替它作主语，不定式后置，这就是形式主语。 It is not an easy thing to master a language.It only took us a year to complete the project.(2) 要说明动作由谁做的，可在前加for 引起的短语。 It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.(3) 某些形容词作表语时，不定式前可加of 引起的短语，这些形容词一般都是在对人作出评价。这样的形容有：kind; good; nice; wise; unwise; clever; silly; wrong; right; foolish; stupid; rude; careless; impolite; naughty; considerate Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.B. 作宾语：不定式作宾语的情况非常多，常以不定式作宾语的动词有：want; like; wish; hope; prefer; continue; manage; try; ask; offer; start; forget; care; promise; mean; pretend; intend; begin; attempt; decide; learn; desire; agree; choose; determine; expect; 另外 tell; advise; show; teach; find out; decide; discuss; learn; forget等动词，常用一个带连接代词或副词的不定式作宾语。在复合宾语中，常用it 代表不定式，真正的宾语在后，这就是形式宾语。They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.C. 作表语： Her wish was to become an artist. What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.D. 作定语： She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. Do you have anything more to say ? 上面两例中的不定式与它修饰的词有动宾关系，因此若不定式中的动词是不及物动词，它后面就应有必要的介词. Lets first find a room to put the things in. There is nothing to worry about.E. 作状语：不定式作状语修饰动词，表示行为的目的、结果、原因。 They ran over to welcome the delegates. She lived to be 100. We jumped with joy to hear the news. (1) 不定式也可用在作表语用的形容词或过去分词后面作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因或是在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况。 We are proud to be young people of China. Hell be very happy to cooperate with you in the work. (2) 在这种结构中还可以用easy; difficult; hard; comfortable等形容词，作句子主语的除了表示人的词以外，还可用表示事物的词。 The question is rather difficult to answer. The room is comfortable to live in.F. 用在复合结构中的不定式：不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构来作动词的宾语，被称为复合宾语。常见的这类动词有：ask; tell; invite; force; get; beg; allow; help; wish; want; like; hate; prefer; invent; expect; encourage; advise; persuade; instruct; permit; remind; request; order; command; warn; cause; press; urge; compel , etc. (1) 在感官动词make; let; have; see; hear; watch; notice; feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式to必须省略。但若变为被动语态，不定式to必须补回. Dont forget to have him come. They were made to work day and night. (2) think; consider; believe; suppose; know; feel; find; understand; declare; take这类动词后，也可有复合宾语，但不定式短语常由to be + adj.构成。这种结构在书面语中较为常见，口语中多用宾语从句，在think; consider; find后to be 可省略，直接用形容词。 He doesnt consider that to be important. They found the answer quite satisfactory. (3) 在有些成语动词wait for; call on; rely on; vote for; count upon; depend on; long for; care for; prevail upon等后面可有复合宾语。但在listen to和look at后的复合宾语中，不定式to 常省略。 Its quite amusing to look at other people play chess.G. 不定式短语在有些情况下前面可带一个连接代词或连接副词。这些词有：tell; show; know; decide; teach; learn; discuss; wonder; remember; find out; explain; forget.H. 下面情况to 常被省略。had better; would rather + do sth； would ratherthan; would sooner; would sooner than; cant help but + do sth; do nothing but + do sth.I: to 后动词的省略 (1) 在 hope, would like, like, wish, try后跟的不定式动词与前面的动词重复时要省略，但符号to保留。 I shall go if I want to. (2) 在plan to, need to, be able to, be going to后的不定式，动词原形可以省略，但to不能省，回答时尤应注意。-Will you come ?- Id love to. -You dont know her ? -You ought to . -Will you join me in a walk ? -Ill be glad to. -Do you want to give a talk on that subject ? -I prefer not to能力测试：1. What would you like ? -I would rather_ a cup of coffee. A. had B. have C. to have D. having2. Can you do me a favor to get our monitor _the difficult sentence? A. explain B. to explain C. explaining D. explained3. My father is sleeping soundly, so I tried my best _any noise. A. not make B. to not make C. to make D. not to make4. I wish very much that I could go to your home to watch the exciting football match, but my parents wont allow _in touch with you. A. me keeping B. that I keep C. me to keep D. me keep5. Why not go swimming as it is such a fine day? -I want to, but Im_ busy to go. A. enough B. too C. very D. so6. -Why is everyone here ? _ an important notice. A. Announce B. For announcing C. Announcing D. To announce7. Shall I go there on foot ? -No, its too far_ there on time. A. that we get B. for us getting C. for us to get D. so we cant get8. The officer ordered the young soldier_ at ease. A. would stand B. stood C. to stand D. standing9. I really dont know_. A. to swim B. how to swim C. swim how D. how swim10. What do you think of the English film ? -Im poor at listening, so its difficult_. A. understood B. understanding C. to be understood D. to understand11. I was surprised_ so quickly.A. watching him to eat B. watch him eat C. watching his eat D. to watch him eat12. You are too young_ join the army. A. not able to B. that you cant C. not to D. to13. Do you want to go abroad for a further study ? -I like_, but I never have a chance_ there. A. to; to go B. to go; to go C. to; for going D. to go; for going14. I ran too fast_ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice15. Are you enjoying your visit here? -Yes, Ill be very sorry_. A. for leaving B. of leaving C. with leaving D. to leave16. What can I do for you ? -Yes, but not now. Id like_ me when I finish what Im doing. A. that youll help B. that you help C. you to help D. you helping17. Dont you like to have your room_ clean and tidy? A. be looked B. looked C. looking D. look18. I went to the post office_ some letters to my friends? A. for sending B. send C. sending D. to send19. We should consider it_ a duty to serve the Chinese people heart and soul. A. to be B. be C. as D. A and C20. Have you finished the math problem ? -Not yet, because I find it difficult_ . A. in working out B. working out C. for working out D. to work out21. We found the exercises difficult_ without help of the teacher. A. to be done B. to do C. to do it D. in doing22. Mr. White was seen_ the building on that night when my house was robbed. A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. entering23. I would rather_ at home than_ outside. A. stayed; played B. stay; play C. to stay; to play D. to stay; play24. Though I cant make the model ship_ faster, the model plane can be made _higher by any of the boys here. A. sail; to fly B. to sail; fly C. to sail; to fly D. sail; fly25. The maid is coming today. Well have her_ the windows. A. washed B. to washing C. washing D. wash26. I think the house is too small_ . A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living27. Could you give me some advice on_ . A. how to improve my English B. how my English to be improved C. how improve my English D. how my English be improved28. He hid himself in the dark cave_ by the soldiers. A. so as not to be found B. so as to be found C. so as to find D. so as not to find29. You have a good memory. Thank you. Its very kind_ so. A. for you to say B. of you to say C. you say D. you to say30. _is better to love than_. A. That; to be loved B. that; be loved C. It; to be loved D. It; be loved31. To do by yourself is more important than_ by yourself. A. to say it B. say it C. you say it D. your saying it32. Have you read the book? -No, and I dont_ either. A. want to B. want C. to want D. want it33. Why not have a hot cup of coffee in such a cold day? _very much .A. Ill like it B. Id like C. Ill like to D. Id like to34. How stupid_ his advice ! A. It is for us not to take B. for us not to take C. it is of us not to take D. of us not to take35. Its too cold here. Lets make a fire_ _ourselves up. A. warm B. warming C. to warm D. warmed36. What I want to do is_ alone for a while. A. stay B. to stay C. staying D. stayed37. Our plan is_ a better use of the building material. A. make B. to make C. making D. made38. Which one of the following is right? _? A. What it is like to be there B. What to be there is like C. What is it like to be there D. What to be there like it is39. Which one of the following is wrong ? A. I think it foolish to meet her B. I think it foolish meeting her C. I think meeting her foolish D. I think to meet her foolish40. I usually go there by train. Why not_ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going41. Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework? -Im doing this exercise now so that I wont have_ on Sunday. A. for B. them C. it D. to42. I did nothing all day but_ to my friend who I havent seen each other for almost a year. A. write B. to write C. wrote D. writing43. Would you please_ leave the door open? Its too cold here. A. not B. not to C. to not D. dont44. I hear that you and your parents are going to spend your vacation in Beijing. -Yes, we are planning_ . A. to B. to be C. it D. to do it45. I dont think it wise_ the hard work that they has refused to do. A. for you to take on B. of you to take on C. for you taking on D. of you taking on46. My father promised to give some money and _anything I want to. A. to allow me to buy B. allow me to buy C. promised to allow me to buy D. that I would ask them to buy47. He spoke English slowly and clearly in class_, because they are all freshmen. A. so as to be understood B. to be understood C. so as to understand D. to understand48. _the truth, he is not an honest man we can believe in. A. I am to tell B. To tell C. Told D. Telling49. _a long story short, he wanted to marry her and get a lot of money. A. Make B. To make C. Jack had made D. Making50. Have you found out the telephone number I need? -Yes, but_, I have sit here for nearly half an hour. A. for finding it out B. to find it out C. for finding it out D. to find out it51. In order to make the separate family reunited, he did_ then. Which one of the following is wrong? A. all he could to help B. everything possible to help C. his best to help D. what he could help52. We did not expect the plan we had made very carefully for them_ so coldly. A. refused B. to refuse C. to be refused D. refusing53. I have some letters_ to my friends whom I havent seen for a long time. A. write B. to write C. be written D. writing54. Some people dont like a pen_, instead, they use a computer or a typewriter. A. writing B. write C. to write D. to write with55. _ into the college, he had to work hard at all the subjects, some of which he didnt like.A. In order to admit B. In order to be admitted C. So as to admit D. So as to be admitted56. She works_ hard _catch up with the top students. A. so; as to B. very; as to C. so; to D. as; as to57. Can you give me a chair_? -Sorry, Jack has taken away my chair_ .A. to sit; to repair B. to sit; to repair it C. to sit on; to repair it D. to sit on; to repair58. Though it is polluted a little, yet this city with a long history is still a good place_. A. in which to live B. to live in C. to live D. all the above are right59. We were so thirsty that we had to drink the water in the pool, though it was unsuitable_ A. to be drunk B. to drink C. drinking D. in drinking60. It seemed_, for the road was still dry. A. not to rain B. to not rain C. not to have rained D. to not have rained61. The lost child desired nothing but_ home. A. go B. to go C. going D. went62. Would you be _to help me to carry the heavy box out of the room? A. kind so B. as kind as C. so kind D. so kind as63. This famous city is a very pleasant place_. A. to visit B. to visit in C. to be visit D. to visit it64. Just a minute. The food is too hot_ . A. to be eaten B. to eat C. to eat it D. not to eat65. The wooden bed is not strong enough_ . A. for two people to sleep B. for two people to sleep on C. not for two people to sleep D. not for two people to sleep on66. This box is too small . Lets find another one_. A. to put in the books B. to put the books C. to put the books in it D. to put the books in67. He was glad_ when he was late for the meeting. A. to be seen B. not to be seen C. to have been seen D. not to have been seen68. It seems_ now, because I can see all people in the street are holding umbrellas. A. to rain B. to be raining C. to raining D. be rain69. Im sorry_ to buy you the book. Ill remember to next time I go to town. A. to forget B. to have forgotten C. forgot D. forget70. The day just before the final examination, some naughty students did nothing except_ all day long. A. played B. playing C. play D. to play（二）分词一. 构成：分词是动词的另一种非谓语形式。它有两种形式，即现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形+词尾ing构成；过去分词由动词原形+词尾ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词的构成无一定规律，需单独记忆。二. 现在分词与过去分词的区别：（1） 现在分词表主动含义，过去分词表被动含义。试比较：现在分词过去分词The news is exciting.We were excited to hear it.He is an interesting man.Interested members will meet at two.Taking a dictionary, she began to prepare her lesson.Taken separately, the problems are difficult to solve.I heard someone opening the door.I heard the door opened.（2）现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作已经完成。 developing countries； developed countries注：个别不及物动词的过去分词并不表被动，而有完成的意思。the risen sun fallen leaves faded flowersreturned students retired workers departed friendsescaped prisoners the abdicated emperor the exploded bomb三. 分词的时态：主动形式被动形式一般式doingBeing done完成时 Having done Having been done 决定分词使用形式的因素有三：一个是分词与它所修饰名词的主/被动关系；二是与动词的及物或不及物有关；三是分词与句中谓语动词的相对时间关系，与谓语动词的动作是同时发生还是在以前发生。 The boy came in crying. I found the girl dressed. * I found the girl dressing the doll.四. 分词的逻辑主语与句子主语1.二者一致时，分词形式必须与主语相对应，逻辑主语才能省略。Walking along the street, a small flower pot fell from the balcony of a house and knocked him unconscious.2.二者不一致时，分词短语自带逻辑主语，相当于一个从句。该结构称为独立分词结构。 Weather permitting, Ill go. If weather permits, Ill go.School been over, we went home. When school had been over, we went home.五. 分词与定语从句。定语从句常可省略为分词短语,规律为：略去关系代词,其动词改为相应形式的分词。Things which are seen are mightier than things which are heard. =Things seen are mightier than things heard.The man who is speaking in front is Toms father. The man speaking in front is Toms father.六. 两个句子并为带分词短语的简单句：两个句子主语相同时，其中一句的主语可以省略，并将动词变为分词。这样可使句子简练。 He was seriously wounded. He could not move. （Being）Seriously wounded，he could not move. He had not finished his homework，he decided to stay. Not having finished his homework，he decided to stay.七. 分词的作用：起形容词和副词的作用，可以作表语、定语、状语，有时亦可用在复合宾语中。1. 作表语：现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。The story is amusing. The food smells inviting It feels quite refreshing to take a bath after work.2. 作定语：This is an amusin