2012职称英语考试用书(综合类)word版 补全短文部分.doc

1 What We Take from and Give to the SeaAs long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.We take fishes from the ocean millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions ofpeople. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to placeseawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold andsilver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一 even candy, and ice cream aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink oceanwater. (4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea?Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pourinto it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.词汇：fertilizer /丨f3:tilaizs/ n.化月巴 evaporate /i丨vaepreit/ v.蒸发sponge /spDnd3/ n.海绵 seaweed /si:wi:d/ n.海萆 garbage / 丨ga:beid3/ n.垃圾注释：Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too.还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life.把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。练习：A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.E We even use their bones for fertilizer.F Some of its contents may cause illness.答案与题解：E前面二句讲了我们从大海捕捉大量的鱼供人们食用，这句接着讲“甚至连鱼的骨头也被 用来做化肥”。Even这个词在这里清楚地表示了这两句话的关系。D这句话的前一句讲的是我们可以通过水的蒸发从海水中得到一种矿物质盐，这句话 则说除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来。A前面讲到除了矿物质外，大海还给了我们珍珠、海绵和海草这三样东西。接着作者分别 用一句话来说明每一样东西的昂途。先讲了珍珠,最后讲的是海草，所以这中间的一句应该 是讲海绵的用途了oF前一句话说了们不能喝海水，这句话解释了为什么不能喝，很自然。 丨B前面一句话用garbage词有力地回答了“我们给予大海什么”这个带有自责性的问题， 这句话则是对这个简单回答的具体解释。译文：论我们给予大海的以及向大海索取的自我们在地球上生活乏始，我们就开始利用环绕着陆地的海洋。我们向海洋索取的同时也在给予oi们从海里捕鱼为了获取百万人的食物，我们每年在海里捕数千吨的鱼，甚至连鱼的骨 头也被用来做化肥。我们从海里获得物。制盐的一种办法就是将海水放在浅底的水池里直至水 分蒸发。除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来，还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水 里。但是这些物质不能通过海水的蒸发而被我们获取。海洋赐予我们的礼物还有珍珠丨海绵和海 草。珍珠能做成珠宝，海绵可用来作为清洗东西的物品，海草可加工成许多种食品，甚至糖果、 冰淇淋以及药品。不管你相不相信，淡水也是海洋赐予我们的礼物。海水不能饮用，其中有些物 质会致病。但是去掉海水中的盐分后，海水就变成了淡水。将来，我们会越来越依赖午从海水中 取来的淡水。海洋给予我们食物、化肥、矿物、水资源以及其他的礼物。然而，我们又给予了大海什么呢？ 垃圾。我们把大海当做垃圾桶的时候污染了大海。海洋虽然巨大无边,却无法容纳所有我们倾倒 进去的水。把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。然而，随着世界人口的增长，我们 也许将会比以往任何时候都需要海洋以及它给人类带来的东西。我们最终认识到，如果破坏了海洋，我们就将毁灭自己。只希望这个认识还不算太迟。Teamwork in TourismGrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned1. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties2 are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers. (1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they areexperts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. Theydistribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures4 and advertising projects. Tourist counselors give valuable seminars5 to acquaint agents with new programs andtechniques in selling. (3) Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4) (5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，andagencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.词汇：bureau /bjubrau/ n.局，部门 car-rental /kairentl/ n、汽车租赁sponsor /spDnso/ v.发起，赞助 purchase /p3itj*9s/ n.购买agency /丨eidgsnsi/ n.(旅行）社 contented /ksntentid/ adj.满意的 acquaint /sJcweint/ v.使熟悉注释：concerned:作定语时常常放在所修饰的词或短语的后面，表示“有关的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.carriers and properties:指运输公司和房地产公司。optimum:形容词，意为“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：适合 这种花生长的最佳温度。brochure:指具有宣传性质的小册子。seminar：研讨会conversely:相反地，反过来说0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude.练习：A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely6, hotels rely upon agencies, tofulfill their contracts and to send them clients. F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.答案与题解：C本段i二句和第三句话都以人称代词they作主语，但所指不明。在大多数情况下，其指 代对象应在同一段落的前文中找。C与这两个句子在结构和意思上都是平行的，时态也一 致，而且用travel operators这个名词去替代这两个句子中的they都讲得通。B这一句继续讲旅游经纪人的工作,它同本段前三句话在时态、结构和意思上一致或平行。F指示词this/that及其复数形式在英语中是重要的衔接手段，多数情况下this指上文刚刚 提到的事情或说过的话。本段第一句话说旅游顾问召开研讨会使代理人熟悉新业务和销售 技巧。承接这句话，F说“通过这种方式，代理人学会了怎样对旅行自的地加以解释以及向 游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车 的购买”。“这种方式”就是指上一句话中的召开研讨会，因而F是最合适的选项。E本段第一句话说房地产公司和旅行社密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾 了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。E实际上进一步阐述了二者之间相互依赖的 紧密关系0A写ii讲究句子和段落之间的衔接。第四段讲到了房地产公司和旅行社之间相互依赖 的合作关系,A说“旅行社和运输公司之间也存在着同等程度的信任”，像same, different (ly) , similar(ly), otherwise这样的词语有很强的衔接力，属于指称衔接（reference)中的比 较衔接。下一句话详细解释旅行社和运输公司之间的关系，进一步印证了应该选A。旅游业中的团队合作不同旅游部门之间越来越多的合作证明对有关各方都有益。政府机构、贸易与旅游协会、运 输公司和房地产公司都一齐致力于为旅行者创造良好的条件。旅游经纪人作为旅游计划的专家提出广泛的研究方案。他们了解所有的旅游区和所有运输公 司的服务。他们的专长是组织不同类型的旅游活动以及准备有效的广告宣传。他们把材料分发给 旅行社。这些材料包括杂志、小册子和广告项目。他们提供熟悉情况和组织研讨问题的旅游，从 而使旅行社在短时间内就能获得有关他们正在推出的旅行活动的第一手资料。旅游顾问举办各种重要的研讨会以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通过这种方式, 代理人学会了怎样对旅行目的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞 机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买。房地产公司与旅行社之间密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和 他们自己的财政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅馆提供良好的服务，反过来，旅馆依靠旅行社来完成 合同，招揽顾客。在旅fi1社与运输公司（包括汽车出租和观光服务)之间也存在着同种程度的信任。运输公司 依靠旅行社来提供乘客，而旅行社依靠运输公司提供受游客欢迎的旅行活动。所有服务机构都以 提高效率、价格公平及使顾客满意为宗旨。Happy Birthday to YouThe main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics： it wont stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, its soon at home elsewhere in the world1. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.One theory is that it has been “advertised and marketed through American films, popularmusic, and more recently, television. ： (1) They are, after all, in competitionwith those produced by other countries.Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called The spirit of America. (2) The final theory is less complex ： American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why it spreads2，American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted andthen adapted in many other countries. (3) “ Happy Birthday to You ”，forinstance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak、is notremembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes , denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago，it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so： those bright colors，checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the.latest fashion3. (4) The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American，it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock n，roll and all its variations，country & western music4, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class, and then as a danger to our nationsyouth. (5) And then the music became accepted and was extended anddeveloped, and exported back to the US.词汇：appeal /spiil/ n.吸引力 market /maikit/ v.推上市场,销售copyright /kopiirait/ n.版权 denim /denim/ n.粗棉布 spot /spDt/ v.认出注释：No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, its soon at home elsewhere in the world.不论是哪一种形式的通俗文化，不论是电影还是食物和 时装,是音乐还是休闲运动,或者是俚语，它都能很快在世界上别的地方安家。at home除了 表示“在家”外，还有“自在，安然自得，得心应手“的意思，例如:He is quite at；home with the computer now.Regardless of why it spreads:不管它(美国通俗文化)传播的原因是什么No longer so： those bright colors，checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fon of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion.情况不再如此，一度在卡通片里作为笑料的艳丽颜色、格子面料的上衣和裤子、帽子和袜子,作为最新的时尚重返 巴黎。Rock n，roll and all its variations, country & western music:摇滚乐及其变体、乡村音乐和西部音乐- J *练习：A As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves.C American in origin, informal clothing has become the worlds first truly universal style. D The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E American food has become popular around the world too.F This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.答案与题解：B这句-讲的是this theory如何如何，那么在上文中应该讲到某一种theory,第二段和第 三段都分别讲一种理论,并都留有空白处,但从内容上看，这句话应填人到第二段中去。F这句话解释了某一种“精神”This spirit，那么在上文中应该提到过一种精神。第三 段的第一句话就讲到了国际上都将美国流行文化和所谓“美国精神”联系在一起。这句话对 这种精神作了描述。 ,A选项A以As a result开头，说明它说的是后果，前面应讲到原因。美国流行文化往往很 快就被其他国家接受和移植,其后果便是：它的美国根源很快就被人们遗忘了。C这句话说源自美国的休闲服饰成了世界上第一种真正的全球时尚。从内容看，我们应 该在与服装有关的段落中找到填入这句话的空白处。第六段主要讲的是美国服装的世界 影响oD 句是个例子，说BBC对摇滚乐直到1962年才开禁。不难在最后一段里找到美国流行 音乐开始时在国内外均受到抵制的说法，BBC对摇滚乐的禁播是一个例子。“祝你生日快乐”人们讨论美国流行文化的主要问题也是它的主要特征：美茵流行文化不会局限在美国。 不论是哪一种形式的通俗文化，不论是电影还是食物和时装，是音乐还是休闲运动，或者是 俚语，它都能很快在世界上别的地方安家。关于为什么美国流行文化这么有吸引力有几种理 论o 一个理论是它通过美国电影和流行音乐,而近来，通过电视被大为宣传和销售。但是这个理 论不能解释为什么美国电影、音乐和电视节目本身这么流行。毕竟它们在和其他国家制作的东西 进行竞争。另一个理论，大概是最普通的一个理论，就是美国流行文化在国际上都和一个叫做“美国精 神”的东西联系在一起。这种精神被五花八门地阐释为年轻、苜由、乐观、自信、不正式和不 礼貌。最后一种理论更为简单：美国流行文化之所以流行是因为世界上很多人喜欢它。 不管它传播的原因是什么,美国流行文化通常会在很多别的国家被很快地接受和改变。结果， 它的美国出身和根源经常被很快地忘记。例如“祝你生日快乐”是如此平常的一首歌，但是它的 源头，它的美国版权可以说没有被记住。美国电影里的很多主人公穿着黑皮夹克，一代人之后， 那些想让自己看上去有男子气概的年轻人都穿上了皮夹克。这个持续的过程表现得最清晰的两个领域是衣服和音乐。有些人仍旧记得T恤、慢跑服、网 球鞋、粗斜纹棉布夹克和蓝色牛仔裤并不是处处日常穿着的时代。在20年前，人们还可能靠衣着 认出巴黎的美国人。情况不再如此，一度在卡通片里作为笑料的艳丽颜色、格子面料的上衣和裤 子、帽子和袜子，作为最新的时尚重返巴黎。源于_国的休闲服式巳经成了世界上第一种真正的 全球时尚。美国流行音乐的情况就复杂多了，因为在开始，当它明显是美国的音乐时，它通常被强烈地 抵制。爵士乐一度曾被认为是对年轻人和他们的道德的巨大威胁，在几个国家被列为非法。现在， 尽管仍旧显示它的美国渊源，它已经变成众所周知的了。摇滚乐及其变体、乡村音乐和西部音乐 都有基本相似的历史。它们一开始都被抵制，在美国也一样被当做是“低层次的”，然后又被当 做“对我们国家年轻人的威胁”。例如BBC对摇滚乐直到1962年才开禁。然后这种音乐开始被接 受而且发展壮大，然后被出口回美国。The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ”Contact： The firstfour minutes he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships： “ (1) A lot of peoples whole lives would change if they did just that. ”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someonehe has just met. (2) If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did notlike him very much.When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear fiiendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs， fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, But Im not a fiiendly, self-confident person. Thats not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ” (3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in ourpersonality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”But isnt it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we dont actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, total honesty is not always good for social relationships2 especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about ones health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about ones opinions and impressions. (4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often ariseduring their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. (5) That is at least asimportant as how much we know.词汇：个法，人格undivided /|Andivaidid/ 不分散的，专一的 personality /ipaxsnaeteti/ n. accustomed /skAstmd/ adj.惯常的：注释：People like people who like themselves.人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。这里的who like themselves不作“喜欢自己”解，根据上下文，可以解释为“有自信的人”。total honesty is not always good for social relationships:在社会关系上“绝对的诚实”并非总是好的 . a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with astranger. 在和陌生人接触的头几分钟，适当演一点儿戏是最合适不过的了。apply to:适用于required course:必修课练习：A In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable aboutchanging our social habits. B Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to4 relationships with family members and friends.C In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E He keeps looking over the other persons shoulder, as if hoping to find someone moreinteresting in another part of the room. F He is eager to make friends with everyone.答案与题解：D本文主要讲与人初次见面最初四分钟对于人际交往的重要性。文章开头以自问自答的 形式提出主题,然后说Leonard Zunin博士在书中向任何想交新朋友的人提出一条建议。什 么建议呢？比较一下只有把D放在这里最合适，因为人们常用祈使句向别人提建议，D是一 个祈使句，它的意思是：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。”和上下文意思连贯。E承接上一段。作者在本段第一句话告诉我们有人并不按他建议的那样做。那么这些人 怎么做呢？ E说:“他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更有趣的人似 的。”显然此处选E最合适。A文章第三、第四段建议当被引见给陌生人时,态度应当友好而自信，还应掌握好分寸。对 此有人会说友好和自信非我本性，如果硬要装出如此态度就是不诚实。这是一种反驳意见， 我们期待作者的回答。A说:“作为回答，Zunin博士说只要我们稍加练习就可以帮助我们改 变社交习惯。”下文是对此的进一步解释。B到此为止作者主要谈与陌生人相处要注意最初四分钟。从其他句子来看，本段谈的是家 庭成员之间在交往中也应注意在一起的最初四分钟，那么选项B是最合适的了C本段强调人际关系的重要性，C说:“在他看来，成功主要依赖于如何与他人友好相处。” 这句话的意思符合本段主题，后一句的主语this指的就是与人友好相处这件事。最初四分钟人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？按列奥纳多?祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处 的最初四分钟。在他的书接触：最初四分钟里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出 了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。F多人如果这样做 了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。”；你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。他不停地往其他 人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜 欢他。作者建议，当我们被介绍给新认识的人时，我们应该尽力显得友好和自信。一般讲，他说: “人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。”另一方面我们不能让别人觉得我们太自以为是。表现出感兴趣、有同情心，能意识到别人有 他们自己的需要、担心和希望是很重要的。听到这样的建议，有人或许会说：“但是我不是一个友好的、自信的人。那不是我的天性。我 如果那样做将是不诚实的。” 作为回答，祖尼博士说只要我们稍加练习就可以帮助我们改变社交习惯。对我们选择的个 性上的改变我们会慢慢习惯。“这就像适应一辆新车 一开始会觉得陌生，但它比旧车好开。”但是当我们不觉得友好且自信的时候却给人那样的表象，这是诚实吗？可能是，但是祖尼博 士认为在社会关系上“绝对的诚实”并非总是好的，尤其是在接触的最初四分钟里。任何事情都 有时间限制。在和陌生人接触的头几分钟i适当演一点儿戏是最合适不过的了。那种时候不适于 抱怨健康状况或谈论别人的缺点，也不适于全盘托出某人的观点和印象。以上有关陌生人的建议有很多也适合于家庭成员和朋友间的关系。对于丈夫和妻子或父母与 孩子来说，久别重逢的前几分钟最容易出问题。祖尼博士建议认真对待离别重逢的最初四分钟。 如果有不愉快的事情需要讨论，也应该稍后再说。作者说每个学校都应该把人与人之间的关系作为必修课，和阅读、写作、数学等一起上。他 认为一生中的成功主要看我们如何与别人相处。至少这和我们拥有的知识一样重要。Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ； the major problemsinclude commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. (1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The majorrisk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effectivemanagement and marketing. (2) Such risk is encountered when a controversyarises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons ofdehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for theexporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving