应用化学专业英语.doc

英译汉：1. First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。2. It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rater and ratef are equilibrium mixture are usually not equal值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。3. This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which may be stated as follows: When a reversible这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值，4. Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances and determining their constituents, takes a prominent position among 分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。其极其高的重要性便得它在化学历史上的一个非常早的时期已经被辛勤耕耘了，其记载包含了分布在整个科学领域定量分析工作的一大部分。定量分析的测量也在许多研究领域：化学、生物化学、地质学和其它科学中发挥重要作用。5. The interaction of UV and visible radiation with matter can provide qualitative identification of molecules and polyatomic紫外可见光与物质相互作用时可以提供包含离子和复合物的分子和多原子的物种的定性鉴定。分子和多原子物种，特别是有机分子的结构信息可以得到。这种定性信息通常是通过研究紫外可见光谱获得（紫外可见过的吸收作为穿过分子的波长的函数）紫外可见光的吸收带的形状和强度与吸收物质的电子的结构有关。分子通常是被溶解在溶剂中来获得光谱。6. One of the most important features of fine chemicals manufacture is the great variety of 随着新产品持续不断地出现，精细化学品生产制造的一个最重要特征是产品的多样化。因此，许多化学品都存在需求上的重大波动，如果每种产品都通过专用于某特定工序的车间来生产，投资和劳工费用将是巨大的。结合需要的不断改变和假设机器设备一般在它们设定的最大容量一下正常运行，这将使制造业的花费很高。因此，只有多产量的精细化学品或通过特殊的产法或纯度要求极高的化合物才可以用专门的车间来生产。然后，大多数精细化学品都是在多目标的或多产品的生产线（车间）生产制造。汉译英：7. Two conservation laws apply to all chemical reactions: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and matter can neither be created nor destroyed.两个守恒定律的适用于所有的化学反应：能量既不能创造也不能被消灭，而物质既不能创造也不能被消灭。8. We often hear about toxic chemicals or chemical pollution without hearing about the absolutely central role that chemistry plays in human well-being.我们经常听到“有毒化学品”或“化学污染”没有听到关于绝对的核心作用，化学对人类福祉。9. Some chemists investigate the natural world and try to understand it,while other chemists create new substances and new ways to perform chemical changes that do not occur in nature.一些化学家的研究自然世界和理解它，而其他化学家创造新物质和新的方法来进行化学变化没有发生性质。10. Based on the work of physicist Henry Mosteley, the periodic table was reorganized on the basis of increasing atomic number rather than on atomic weight.根据物理学家亨mosteley，周期表被重组的基础上，原子序数的增加而不是原子重量。11. Reactions in which the reactants and products coexist are considered to be in equilibrium.反应中，反应物和产物被认为是平衡共存。12. The law of conservation of mass dictates the quantity of each element does not change in a chemical reaction.守恒定律质量要求数量的每个元素不改变化学反应。13. The zinc metal is oxidized to zinc ions and the copper ions are reduced to copper metal. Zn 被氧化成Zn2+ ，Cu2+被还原14. Chemistry is the science that tries to understand the properties of substance and the changes that substances undergo.化学科学试图了解物质的性质和变化的物质进行。15. The accuracy of analytical methods has increased enormously in the past decades and this has enabled detection of even almost negligible traces of impurities.该分析方法的准确度已大大增加，甚至可以检测几乎可以忽略的痕量杂制。16. When chloride is added to be a silver solution ,solid silver chloride precipitates from solution .The resulting equilibrium is always written in the direction of the solid dissolving :AgCl(s)=Ag(aq)+Cl(s)氯离子加到银盐溶液，固态氯化银从溶液中沉淀出来。结果平衡总是写成固体溶解。17. Once these chemicals are isolated and their chemical structures are determined,the creativity of chemists takes over.一旦这些化学物质的分离和其化学结构决定的，创造性的化学家接管。18. Syntheses are now normally designed using the fundamental principles that chemists have discovered. As many as 30 or more predicted chemical steps are sometimes needed,in a sequence,to permit the synthesis of a complicated molecule from available simple chemicals.This could not be done without a clear understanding of chemical principles.合成现在通常使用而设计的基本原则，化学家们发现。多达30个或更多的预测的化学步骤，有时是必要的，在一个序列，允许合成复杂分子从可用简单的化学品。不能没有一个明确的了解化学原理。19. In doing so, chemical engineer must also use principles of thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, fluid mechanics and transport phenomena.在这样做时，化学工程师还必须使用原则，热力学，反应动力学，流体力学和运输现象。20. Both of these are combination reactions,and both can be reversed by heating the products.Metal hydroxides decompose on hearing to give the metal oxide and water.这些都是结合反应，都可以扭转的加热产品。金属氢氧化物分解的听力使金属氧化物和水。21. Metals can be arranged in an activity series based on their ability to displace hydrogen from water or acids and their ability to displace each other in soluble ionic compounds.金属可以被安排在一系列活动的能力的基础上，取代氢的水或酸和他们有能力取代对方可溶性离子化合物。22. The reaction of an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction.反应中，酸与碱的称为中和反应。 选择：1 A chemical system can be studied from either a (physical) or a (chemical) viewpoint.2 (Statistical mechanics) is a macroscopic science that studies the interrelationships between the various equilibrium properties of a system.3 In (statistical mechanics) ,the molecular and macroscopic levels are related to each other.4 Thermodynamics studies (heat, work, energy and the changes they produce in the states) ,of system.5 For a(n) (isolated) system ,neither matter nor energy can be transferred between system and surroundings.6 CBBAC命名：硫酸钙Calcium sulphate 亚硫酸钠Sodium sulphite 亚硝酸钠- sodium nitrite 硫酸- sulfuric acid 硝酸- nitric acid 亚硝酸- nitrous acid 氢硫酸- hydrosulphuric acid 硫化氢- hydrosulfide 硝酸铁iron() nitrate 盐酸- hydrochloric acid碱的命名：金属名称+hydroxide Na: Sodium Ca: Calcium K: Potassium H: hydrogen O: Oxygen Cl : Chlorine N: Nitrogen S: Sulfur 甲烷- methane 丙烷- propane 环丙烷- cyclopropane 环丁烷- cyclobutane 环戊烷- cyclopentane 环己烷- cyclohexane 乙烯- ethene 丙炔-propyne 甲醇- me