《关于论文剽窃》PPT课件.ppt

Plagiarism WhatisPlagiarismandHowCanYouAvoidIt 什么是剽窃 如何避免 WritingServices 2009 Aboutthispresentation Duringthispresentation you lllearnhowtodetectplagiarismandhowtopreventitinyourownwriting Theobjectiveofthispresentationistohelpyoufeelmoreconfidentinusingandcreditingacademicsourceseffectively 在这个课件中 你将学习怎样检查剽窃和在你的写作中如何避免 这个课件的目的就是帮助你在更好的更有自信的使用学术资源 Real LifeExamplesofPlagiarism剽窃实例 Plagiarismisanissueintheacademicenvironmentandbeyond Asthefollowingreal lifeexamplesdemonstrate usinginformationwithoutcreditingitsoriginalsourcecanharmyourcredibility 剽窃在学术研究中存在的一个普遍问题 事实可以证明 引用别人的信息但没有注明会破坏你的可信度 Example 1例1 Duringthe2008federalelectioncampaign itwasrevealedthataspeechgivenbyStephenHarperin2003hadbeenplagiarizedfromaspeechgivenbytheAustralianprimeminister 在2008年的联邦选举活动中 史蒂芬 哈伯在2003年做的报告被证实是从澳大利亚首相所作的报告中剽窃的 Thecolourcodedtextonthenextslidehighlightsthedramaticsimilaritybetweenthetwotexts 用其他颜色标注的地方在两篇文章中高度相似 Example 1 AustralianPrimeMinisterJohnHowardsaid Asthepossessionofweaponsofmassdestructionspreads sothedangerofsuchweaponscomingintothehandsofterroristgroupswillmultiply Thatistheultimatenightmarewhichtheworldmusttakedecisiveandeffectivestepstoprevent Possessionofchemical biologicalornuclearweaponsbyterroristswouldconstituteadirect undeniableandlethalthreattoAustraliaanditspeople StephenHarpersaid Asthepossessionofweaponsofmassdestructionspreads thedangerofsuchweaponscomingintothehandsofterroristgroupswillmultiply particularlygiveninthiscasetheshamelessassociationofIraqwithroguenon stateorganizations Thatistheultimatenightmarewhichtheworldmusttakedecisiveandeffectivestepstoprevent Possessionofchemical biologicalornuclearweaponsbyterroristswouldconstituteadirect undeniableandlethalthreattotheworld includingtoCanadaanditspeople Harperstafferquitsoverplagiarized2003speechonIraq Source http www cbc ca news canadavotes story 2008 09 30 rae harper html RetrievedFeb 10 2009 Example 2 AccusationsofplagiarismalsodamagedthecredibilityofStephaneDion scampaignduringthesameelection 对剽窃的指责损害了史提芬迪奥在选举中的诚信 Dion sGreenShiftplanincorporatedtheadviceandknowledgeofenvironmentalexpertsaroundtheworld However hisreportfailedtocreditoneofitsmostprominentsources DavidSuzuki 迪奥的绿色移动计划包含世界各地环境专家的建议和知识 然而 他的报告没有注明他所引用的最著名的信息来源于大卫铃木 Onthenextslide compareSuzuki soriginaltextwithDion sreport 在下一张幻灯片中 将铃木的原创文章与迪奥的进行比较 Example 2 ExcerptsfromSuzuki sreport AcrossCanada airpollutioncausesthousandsofprematuredeaths tensofthousandsofhospitalizations andhundredsofthousandsofdaysabsentfromworkandschoolannually TheOntarioMedicalAssociation OMA estimatedthattherewere5 800prematuredeathsduetoairpollutioninOntarioalonein2005 Excerptfrom StephaneDion sCleanAirPlanripsoffaDavidSuzukiFoundationreport SteveJanke Sept 4 2008 AngryintheGreatWhiteNorthblog ExcerptsfromDion sReport InCanada airpollutioncausesthousandsofprematuredeaths tensofthousandsofhospitalizations andhundredsofthousandsofdaysabsentfromworkandschoolannually TheOntarioMedicalAssociationissuedareportin2005sayingthateveryyear5 800Ontarianswilldieprematurelybecauseofsmogrelatedillness Quickquiz Youhavecommittedplagiarismifyou 假如你有下列行为 你可能涉嫌抄袭a Makeuseoftheworksofotherstogatherinformation 利用别人的著作收集信息b Usetheworkofanotherandmisrepresentitasyourown 把别人的著作当成你的c Makeuseoftheworksofotherstosupportyourownarguments 利用别人的著作来只来支持的观点d Examinetheideasandargumentsofotherstohelpyoushapeyourownthoughtsorviewsonaparticularissue 利用别人的思想或观点来帮助你在某一特殊事件上形成自己的观点 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Plagiarismis misrepresentingtheideas expressionofideasorworkofothersasone sown Itincludesreproducingorparaphrasingportionsofsomeoneelse spublishedorunpublishedmaterial regardlessofthesource andrepresentingtheseasone sownthinkingbynotacknowledgingtheappropriatesourceorbythefailuretouseappropriatequotationmarks 把别人的著作 观点 观点的表达作为自己的 主要包括复制或者改写别人已经出版或没有出版的材料 但没有注明资料的来源和对所应用的材料进行致谢 或者使用引号不恰当 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Plagiarismis oftenunintentional Manystudentsworrythattheywillinadvertentlycommitplagiarism bycitingimproperlyorbylosingtrackofwhatideasaretheirown 许多情况下不是有意的 许多学生担心他们可能通过不恰当的引用或者丢失他们自己的思想而在无意中涉嫌抄袭 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Examples usingdirect verbatimquotations paraphrasedmaterial algorithms formulae scientificormathematicalconcepts orideaswithoutappropriateacknowledgmentinanyacademicassignment 直接使用 逐字使用 改造材料 算法 公式 科学或数学概念 或者想法 但没有文章的任何地方进行恰当的致谢 submissionofatake homeexamination essay laboratoryreportorotherassignmentwritten inwholeorinpart bysomeoneelse 所提交的家庭作业 作文 实验报告或者其他写作 全部或者部分由别人代劳 usinganother sdataorresearchfindings 使用别人的试验数据或者研究成果buyingorsellingtermpapersorassignments 购买或销售学期论文或作业submittingacomputerprogramdevelopedinwholeorinpartbysomeoneelse提交的计算机程序全部或者部分由别人代劳 Thisincludespersonalinterviews presentationsandonlinediscussions这些包括个人面试 自我介绍和网上讨论 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Penalties处罚 Ifastudentisfoundguiltyofacademicmisconduct anOfficialWarningwillbegiventhatanoffenceisnownotedinthestudent srecordandthatasubsequentoffencewillattractamoreseverepenalty Inaddition oneormoreofthefollowingpenaltiesmaybeassessed 假如一个学生被发现存在学术不端行为 将会被给予一个正式警告 并被记录在学生档案 并会引起一个随后的更加严厉的处罚 另外 随后可能会有一个或者更多的处罚 Arequirementforsubmissionofaneworalternativepieceofwork 需要提交新或替换的作业TherescindingofUniversity fundedscholarshipsorbursaries 取消大学的奖学金或助学金 Partialortotallossofmarksontheexaminationorassignmentorcourseinwhichtheoffenceoccurred 关于作弊的这门课或作业的成绩部分或全部取消 SuspensionorexpulsionfromtheUniversity被大学停职或开除 Arecommendationforrevocation rescindingofadegree 被建议取消学位 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Toavoidplagiarizing 避免剽窃 Citeyoursources引用你的资源Learntoquoteandparaphraseyoursourcesproperly学会恰当的引用或改述你的资源Drawfrommanysources从更多的资源提取Mapoutyourargumentandthenbringinsourcestosupportit提出你的观点 然后从资料中寻找信息来支持你的观点 Tips Nevercopymorethan3 4wordsinarowfromasourcewithoutusingquotationmarks orgoingbackandproperlyparaphrasing 在一行中从来不要不用引用而复制超过3 4个词 或者追溯或者恰当的改述 Neverusespecialwordsorphraseswithoutproperlyquotingandcitingthem 从来不要使用没有经过正确的引用的特殊的词或短语 WhatdoIneedtocite Youshouldalwaysprovidereferencesfor在下列情况下你应该提供参考文献Directquotations直接引用Summaries paraphrases总结和改述Statistics统计Charts graphs diagrams表 图Controversialinterpretations有争议的解释Resultsofothers research别人研究的结果 Whatdon tIneedtocite Youdon tneedtoprovidereferencesfor在下列情况下你不需要提供参考文献 Commonknowledgeorfacts NOTE thisdoesnotmeanyoucancopyfromtextsword for word 常识或事实 注意 这并不是让你从课文中一字一句的抄写 Yourownargumentsandoriginalideas butyoumustaskforpermissiontousepart allofpreviouslysubmittedmaterial 你自己的观点或者新颖的想法 但是你必须征求意见允许部分或者全部使用以前已经提交的材料 Shouldthisbecited Manycountriesrequirethatfoodlabelsannouncegeneticallymodifiedingredients 许多国家要求食品标签注明是否含转基因成分 Common publicknowledge noneedtocite 常识或公共知识 不需要引用 Shouldthisbecited PreviousresearchhasshownthattheslowerkineticsobservedduringtransitionsfromanelevatedbaselinemetabolicratewererelatedtoasloweradjustmentofcardiacoutputandhencemuscleO2delivery 以前的研究已经证实较慢的动力学在转变过程中可以被观察到从一个提高的基准代谢速率 这与较慢的心血输出量和肌肉氧的传送有关 Others findings cite别人的研究成果 引用 Shouldthisbecited PreviousresearchshowedthattheslowerkineticsobservedduringtransitionsfromanelevatedbaselinemetabolicratewererelatedtoasloweradjustmentofcardiacoutputandhencemuscleO2delivery HughsonHughson Morrissey 1983 Quickquiz Youhaveabrilliantbrainwaveforacriticalinterpretationofanarticleyouarewritingabout Butwhenreadinganothersource youseethatthesameideaismentioned Itisyourownideatoo sodoyouneedtoreferenceit 关于你正在写的一篇文章你有一个很好的灵感 但是当你读到别人的资料时 你发现别人有同样的灵感和想法 这也是你的观点 因此你还需要引用吗 Yes Greatmindsthinkalike butevenifyoudidthinkoftheideaonyourownyoustillneedtoreferencethepublishedsource Otherwise readerswillaccuseyouofplagiarism Youcanusethissourcetosupportyourargument andyoucantrytoshowhowyourideadiffersfromtheotherauthor s butyoustillhavetocitetheothersource 是的 伟大的想法是相同的 但是即使你自己也有同样的观点 你仍然需要引用这个资料 否则 读者会认为你是剽窃 你可以引用这些资料来支持你的观点 你也可以尝试展示你与其他人不同的观点 但你必须引用别人的资料 No Ifyoucomeupwithanideaonyourown youdon thavetocitetheothersource 不 假如你自己提出一个观点 你不需要引用别人的观点 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Whenindoubt CITE Justhowoftendoacademicscite Particularlyintheintroductionofjournalarticles you lloftennoticethatauthorsciteveryfrequently Intheexampleabove theauthorislayingoutthecurrentstateofresearchbeforeestablishingthegapwhichhisorherresearchwillattempttofill 学术引用的频率是多少 特别是在文章的引言中 你将会发现作者的引用非常频繁 在上述例子中 作者陈述当前的研究现状在确定他的研究重点以前 Samplejournalarticle期刊文章样文 TheinformationalandentertainmentcapabilitiesoftheWebhaveincreasinglybeenrecognized bothasanadvertisingmedium Day Shyi Park Lennon Stoel 2005 Ourunderstandingofhowtocustomizethismediumtomoreeffectivelyreachchildren incontrast islimited Consideringthatchildreninfluenceover 600billionofannualU S householdpurchases Piperato 2005 andrepresentasubstantialandrapidlygrowingsegmentofInternetusers itisimperativetogainabetterunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencetheirabilitytonavigateWebsitesandprocessinformation Rose M Rose G Blodgett J G 2009 Theeffectsofinterfacedesignandageonchildren sinformationprocessingofWebsites Electronicversion Psychology Marketing Vol 26 1 1 21 Canyoudetectplagiarism 你能察觉剽窃吗 Isthisplagiarism Comparetheoriginaltotheparaphrase这是剽窃吗 与原文进行比较 Original There sanewclassofworkeroutthere NearlyAutonomous NotintheOffice doingBusinessintheirOwnTimeStaff Ornanobots forshort Empoweredbytheirmobiledevicesandremoteaccesstothecorporatenetwork nanobotsputinlonghours sometimessevendaysaweek justnotattheirdesks Differentfrommobileworkers whousuallystayinclosecontactwithmanagers nanobotsthriveontheirdrivennaturesandonthepersonalfreedomwithwhichtheyareentrusted Foundatmanylevelsofanorganization fromsalesmanagerstoseniorexecutives theyareself startinghighachieverswhoproducestrongresultswithaminimumofsupervision Allowedtofindtheirownequilibriumbetweenworkandprivatelives theytendtoputworkfirst Paraphrase 1 Didyouknowthere sanewclassofworkeroutthere NearlyAutonomous NotintheOffice doingBusinessintheirOwnTimeStaff or moresimply nanobots PauleenandHarmer 2008 Empoweredbytheirmobiledevicesandremoteaccesstothecompanynetwork nanobotsputinlonghours sometimessevendaysaweek justnotattheirdesks Unlikemobileworkers whousuallystayinclosecontactwithmanagers nanobotsthriveontheirdrivennaturesandonthepersonalfreedomwithwhichtheyareentrusted 2008 par 2 Interestingly theyarehighachieverswhoareself motivatedandproducegoodresultswithlittlesupervision Theyarefoundatmanylevelsofanorganization fromsalesmanagerstoseniorexecutives Allowedtofindtheirownbalancebetweenworkandpersonallives theyusuallyputworkfirst 2008 Pauleen D Harmer B 2008 Dec 15 Awayfromthedesk always WallStreetJournalDigitalNetwork RetrievedDec 22 2008 from Verdict Plagiarism结论 剽窃 Theauthorhasincludedcitations buthasmisledthereadertobelievethattheoriginalhasbeenparaphrased whileinfactmuchofthetextiscopiedwordforword 作者已经进行了引用 但是误使读者认为原意已经改述 而实际上在文章中许多地方是逐字地复制 Wordsinbluehavebeencopiedverbatimfromthetextbythiswriter 文章中蓝色的字是作者从文章中逐字复制的 Paraphrase 1 Didyouknowthere sanewclassofworkeroutthere NearlyAutonomous NotintheOffice doingBusinessintheirOwnTimeStaff or moresimply nanobots PauleenandHarmer 2008 Empoweredbytheirmobiledevicesandremoteaccesstothecompanynetwork nanobotsputinlonghours sometimessevendaysaweek justnotattheirdesks Unlikemobileworkers whousuallystayinclosecontactwithmanagers nanobotsthriveontheirdrivennaturesandonthepersonalfreedomwithwhichtheyareentrusted 2008 par 2 Interestingly theyarehighachieverswhoareself motivatedandproducegoodresultswithlittlesupervision Theyarefoundatmanylevelsofanorganization fromsalesmanagerstoseniorexecutives Allowedtofindtheirownbalancebetweenworkandpersonallives theyusuallyputworkfirst 2008 Pauleen D Harmer B 2008 Dec 15 Awayfromthedesk always WallStreetJournalDigitalNetwork RetrievedDec 22 2008 from Verdict Plagiarism Paraphrasing改写 Goodparaphrases 好的改写1 changetheorder structureofsentences改变句子的结构或者顺序2 usesynonyms differentformsofwords使用同义词或者不同形式的词3 maychangethevoiceorperspective也可以改变语态或者观点 Source http www academicintegrity uoguelph ca Paraphrasing Goodparaphrases 好的改述1 changetheorder structureofsentences改变句子的顺序或者结构 Source MuellerROandHancockGR 2001 FactorAnalysisandLatentStructure ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis InN J Smelser P B Baltes Eds InternationalEncyclopediaofSocialandBehavioralSciences pp 5239 5244 Oxford England Pergamon Paraphrasing Goodparaphrases 好的改述2 usesynonyms differentformsofwords用同义词或词的不同形式 Johnson C S MeLeod W Kennedy L andMcLeod K 2008 OsteoporosisHealthBeliefsAmongYoungerandOlderMenandWomen Electronicversion HealthEducation Behavior35 5 721 733 Paraphrasing Goodparaphrases 3 changethevoice frompassivetoactive 改变语态 从被动到主动 Goodparaphrasesalso 4 drawfrommultiplesources从多种资源中引用Avoiddrawingfromsinglesource避免从单一文章中引用5 donotchangetheauthor smeaningorintent不要改变作者的意思或意图Checkandcompare检查和比较Didyougettheideasright 你真的领会正确的意思了吗 Underlineanywordsechoeddirectlyfromthesource在从文章中复制的词下面划上横线 6 citethesourceaccurately精确引用Putthecitationimmediatelywheretheparaphraseoccurs在文中出现引用的词地方表上引用 Paraphrase 2 Mobiledevicesandcorporatenetworkswithremoteaccesshavespawnedanewbreedofemployeeatavarietyoforganizationallevels the nanobot or NearlyAutonomous NotintheOffice doingBusinessintheirOwnTime PauleenandHarmer 2008 para 1 PauleenandHarmerdescribetheseworkersas self startinghighachievers para 2 whoworkbestwhenallowedtooperateautonomously Thoughtheyworkwithmuchlessoversightthantypicalmobileworkers nanobotsaremorelikelytoputworkaheadofpersonalpriorities tendtoworklongerthantheiron sitecounterpartsandproducehighqualitywork 2008 Pauleen D Harmer B 2008 Dec 15 Awayfromthedesk always WallStreetJournalDigitalNetwork RetrievedDec 22 2008 from Original There sanewclassofworkeroutthere NearlyAutonomous NotintheOffice doingBusinessintheirOwnTimeStaff Ornanobots forshort Empoweredbytheirmobiledevicesandremoteaccesstothecorporatenetwork nanobotsputinlonghours sometimessevendaysaweek justnotattheirdesks Differentfrommobileworkers whousuallystayinclosecontactwithmanagers nanobotsthriveontheirdrivennaturesandonthepersonalfreedomwithwhichtheyareentrusted Foundatmanylevelsofanorganization fromsalesmanagerstoseniorexecutives theyareself startinghighachieverswhoproducestrongresultswithaminimumofsupervision Allowedtofindtheirownequilibriumbetweenworkandprivatelives theytendtoputworkfirst Isthisplagiarism Comparetheoriginaltotheparaphrase这是剽窃吗 比较原文与改写 Version 2 Paraphrase Thisisanacceptableparaphrase Thewriterhasaccuratelycapturedthemeaningoftheoriginalusinghisorherownwordsandstructure Specialwording e g nanobots hasbeencreditedtotheauthors 这是一个可以接受的改写 作者用他自己的语言和结构精确的抓住了原文的意思 特殊的词 如 纳米机器人 归功于作者 CitationTips引用技巧 Inthefollowingslides you llseeexamplesofhowtociteinformationintext ExamplesareshowninAPAformat 在下面的幻灯片中 你将看到如何在文章中引用信息的例子 例子以APA格式展示 Citeyoursources引用你的资源 APAStyle Intext Thepracticalvalue addingconceptunderlyingC MIsuggeststhateffectiveC MIshouldunderliemoreeffectivedecisions leadingtomoreinsightfulmarket basedactionsthatshouldeventuallyresultinenhancedeconomic financialperformance Fahey 2007 Frates Sharp 2005 Usesignalphrasestointroducereferences 用标志短语介绍参考文献AccordingtoPrescottandFleisher 1991 datacollectionisanessentialelementoftheintelligencegatheringprocess andcancompriseasignificantpartoftheresourcesallocatedtowarddevelopinginsights In1991 PrescottandFleishernotedthatdatacollectionisanessentialelementoftheintelligencegatheringprocess andcancompriseasignificantpartoftheresourcesallocatedtowarddevelopinginsights Citeyoursources引用你的资源 APAStyle Intext Incorporateavarietyofsourcesthatcontributedifferentinformationtoonelargerpoint 把一些不同的信息归纳到一个大的观点上 Contemporarycorporateinformationspecialistsapplyavarietyofmethodsfororganizingopensourcesincludingbutnotlimitedtoweb linkanalysis Reid 2003 webometrics Bouthillier Jin 2005 scanningmethods Deckeretal 2005 sourcemapping Vriens Achterbergh 2003 textmining Leongetal 2004 ontologycreation Golden 2007 bloganalysis Pikas 2005 scientometrics Courtialetal 1997 andablossomingvarietyofdifferentpatentanalysis Douetal 2005 andpatternrecognitionmethods Rosenkrans 2003 Citeyoursources Whencitingquotations includethepagenumber 当引用报价单时 包括页码PrescottandFleisherpointtothe dearthofinformationaboutspecificbusinessorcommercialapplications 1991 p 860 AsPrescottandFleisherexplain Thereisadearthofinformationaboutspecificbusinessorcommercialapplications 1991 p 860 Citeyoursources APAStyle Intext Setofflongquotations longerthan4lines 长段引用AccordingtoPrescottandFleisher Loremipsumdolorsitamet consecteturadipisicingelit seddoeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua Utenimeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua Utenimadminimeniam quisnostrudexercitationullamcolaborisnisiutaliquipexeacommodoconsequat 1991 p 860 Citeyoursources APAStyle Intext Citeasecondaryworkdiscussedwithinyoursource 在你的材料中二次引用Nametheoriginalsourceinyoursignalphrase andcitethesourcewhereyoufoundtheinformationinparentheses 在你的材料中单独列出来信息来源 并且标注你从哪个材料中发现这个信息的McLeod sstudy ascitedinSmithetal 2008 Citeyoursources Citeyoursources Citeequations 引用公式TheQuadratrixofHippiasisexpressedbythefollowingCartesianequation Smith2008 p 74 y xcot x 2a Remember equationsandfiguresmustalsobecitediftheyarenotcommonlyknownbyyourreaders Ifindoubt cite 记住 如果方程式和图不是一般常识对于读者来说 必须进行引用 如果有疑问 也要引用 Here thecitationisincludedastheequationisintroduced preventingconfusionbetweenthereferencenumberandthenumbersusedintheequation 这里 引用包括方程式都应该进行介绍 避免在参考文献序号和方程式序号之间有困惑 Citeyoursources Citecomputersoftwareusedforanalysis 引用分析用的计算机软件 Robinson M J 2008 TheeffectsofexerciseintensityonPGC 1alphaproteininhumans Master sthesis UniversityofGuelph 2008 Citeyoursources Whenadaptingorreproducingatable citetheoriginalsourceinthenotebelowthetable 当改编或复制一个表格 在表格的下方注明表格来源 Citeyoursources Creditthosewhoseformulasyouhaveusedforcalculations对你已经引用的公式的作者表示感谢 Lee H J 2008 SpatialandtemporalpopulationgeneticstructureoffiveNortheasternPacificlittorinidgastropodspecies Doctoraldissertation UniversityofGuelph 2008 Lee H J 2008 SpatialandtemporalpopulationgeneticstructureoffiveNortheasternPa