30 复合句之状语从句.doc

第三十课 复合句之状语从句用来修饰谓语动词、其他动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句九种。1、时间状语从句通常由when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，untiltill，since等词引导。当主句用一般将来时或表示将来含义时，时间状语从句常用一般现在时表将来。Ill help you when I come back.当我回来时，我会帮你的。She will call me as soon as she arrives in Salt Lake City.她一到盐湖城就会给我打电话。（1）在when引导的时间状语从句中，动作可以是表示延续的，也可以表示瞬间的，while引导的从句中，动作一定是表示延续的。I was watching TV when Tom came in.汤姆进来时，我正在看电视。Tom came in while I was watching TV.当我正在看电视时，汤姆进来了。（2）as“当时，一边一边”引导的时间状语从句，强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生，when与while也有此用法。另外when和as常表示从句动作先于主句动作，有时when还可以表示从句动作在主句动作之后。As she was dancing, she was singing.她边跳边唱。Its getting colder as winter comes随着冬天的到来，天气越来越冷了。（3）before“在以前”表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前：after“在之后”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。She was so absorbed in the book that she had read it for three hours before she realized it.她对这本书如此地感兴趣，以至于在她意识到之前她已经读了三个小时了。I went to sleep after I finished my homework.我做完作业后就去睡觉了。（4）until till表示主句动作结束的时间。在肯定句中表示“直到为止”，主句要用延续性动词。My mother waited until till I came back.妈妈一直等到我回来。在否定句中，until till表示“直到才”，主句通常用瞬间动词。这时until可用before替换。常构成not.until 结构。He didnt leave until I came back.直到我回来，他才走。（5）since，ever since，引导的时间状语从句中，表示主句动作开始的时间，意为“自以来”。主句常用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时，常用句型为：it has been+时间+since +从句；it is +一段时间+since+从句。Its ten years since I worked in this hospital.我在这家医院工作十年了。Weve been good friends since he came here.自从他来这里，就成了我的好朋友。（6）由by the time引导的时间状语从句要注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。By the time you returned, I had finished the book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have completed the work.你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成这个工作了。（7）由each time，every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。Each time she visited Changsha, she would call on me.她每次来长沙，总是来看我。Whenever you go, Ill follow you!无论你什么时候去，我都跟着你。Every time I see you, you grow younger.每次见到你，你都更年轻了。2、地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由连接副词where，wherever等引导，已经形成了固定句型，例如：句型1：where 从句，（there）+主句。Where bees are, there is honey.有蜜蜂就有蜂蜜。此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”，主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。句型2：anywherewherever从句，主句。anywhere本身是一个副词，但是常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever。wherever 本身是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处。”Wherever the sea is, youll find seamen.有海就有海员。Wherever she goes, Ill go with him.不管他去哪里，我都跟他去。3、原因状语从句由because，as，since，for等词引导原因状语从句。（1）because 表示的往往是他人不了解的、不明显的原因，是全句叙述的重点，语气最强，只能用becaue回答由疑问词why引导的疑问句。He was absent from the meeting that day because he had a bad cold.他那天因患感冒而缺席了那次会议。Because yesterday was Sunday, he didnt go to school.因为昨天是星期天了，所以他没去上学。注意：because不能与并列连词so同时出现在句中使用。She was late for school because she missed the bus.=She missed the bus, so she was late for school. 因为她错过了公共汽车，所以她上学迟到了。（2）since是指分析后的原因，他人多少有所了解，不是全句叙述的重点，语气较弱。Since you have read the story, I wont tell you again.既然你读过这个故事，我就不再讲了。Since everyone is here, lets start our meeting.既然大家都到了，咱们开会吧。（3）as表示他人了解的明显原因，不是全句叙述的重点，较口语化，语气较弱。As I was in a hurry, I left my book at home.因为太匆忙，所以我把书忘家里了。As I knew he was ill, I didnt call him.我知道他生病了，所以没有给他打电话。（4）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可用for代替。但是如果不是说明直接原因，而是对多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He was absent today, becausefor he was ill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。He must have been ill, because he was absent today.他一定是病了，因为他今天缺席了。4、目的状语从句用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的从句叫做目的状语从句。表示目的状语的从句可以由that，so that，so，in order that等词引导。目的状语从句中常含有can，could，may，might，should等情态动词。Speak louder (so) that everyone can hear you.大声说，以便大家都能听到你的话。He left early so that he could catch the train.他早早动身，以便能赶上火车。5、结果状语从句结果状语从句表示结果，通常位于主句之后。引导结果状语从句的连词（词组）有：sothat，suchthat，so that，that等。（1）sothat与suchthat的区别这两个结构的常用句型如下：so+形容词 副词+that从句so+形容词+a an+单数名词+thatsuch+a an+形容词+单数名词+thatsuch+形容词+复数名词 不可数名词+thatHe is so young that he cant go to school.他那么小，以至于不能上学。She is such a nice girl that we all like her.=She is so nice s girl that we all like her.她是那么好的一个女孩，以至于我们都喜欢她。He speaks so fast that I couldnt follow him.他讲得太快了，我跟不上。I have so much time that I can take a walk outside.我有那么多时间以至于可以出去散会儿步。（2）当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时，so.that可以与beenough to do转换；当从句为否定式时，可以与tooto或be notenough to do 转换，从而使复合句变为简单句。Peter is so tall that he can reach the apples in the big tree.=Peter is tall enough to reach the apples in the big tree.彼得足够高，能够摘到那棵高树上的苹果。The boy is so young that he cant look after himself.=The boy is too young to look after himself.那个男孩太小不能照顾他自己。6、条件状语从句由if，unless等连词引导条件状语从句。unless在意义上相当于ifnot表示“除非”“如果不”。由于本身已经含有否定意义，因此不要在unless后用否定形式。若主句是一般将来时，if，unless引导的从句要用一般现在时表将来。若主句为祈使句或用一般现在时或含情态动词，从句也用一般现在时。I wont go unless Im invited.除非请我，不然我不去。If you study hard, youll make progress.努力学习，你会进步大的。含有状语从句的复合句有时可转换成“祈使句+andor+简单句”。其中and表示句意顺承；or则表示转折，意为“否则”。If you work harder, youll pass the test.= Work harder and youll pass the test.如果你再努力些，你就会通过考试。If you dont hurry up, youll miss the train. = Hurry up, or youll miss the train.如果你不快点，你会误了火车。7、让步状语从句在句子中作让步状语的从句叫做让步状语从句。让步状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末。引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：though，although，as，even if，even though，whetheror，no matter+疑问句，-ever疑问词。（1）though，altough表示“虽然，纵然”的意思。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式。Although Though his father was worn out, he kept on working.虽然他父亲已经筋疲力尽，但仍然继续工作。AlthoughThough my mother is old, she is quite strong.我母亲虽然年纪大了，但身体还很硬朗。注意：though，although不能与but在句中同时使用。Though the old man was poor, he was happy=The old man was poor, but he was happy.尽管那位老人很贫穷，但他很快乐。（2）as，though表示“虽然但是“纵使”之意。As引导的让步状语从句常以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表示、状语或动词原形，though有时也可以这样用，但although不可以这样用。例如：Hard as though he works, he makes little progress.尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没有取得什么进步。Child as he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.=Though he is a child, he knows the right thing to do.虽然他是个孩子，但是他知道该做什么。（3）even if，even though表示“即使”“纵使”之意。这两个复合连词的意思基本相同，它们常可互换使用，但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步状语从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导的让步状语从句是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。Well make a trip even if though it is bad.即使天气不好，我们也要做一次旅行。Even if he is poor, she loves him.=He may be poor, yet she loves him.即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him.=He is poor, yet she loves him.尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。（4）whetheror表示“不论是否”“不管是还是”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：Youll have to attend the meeting whether youre free or busy.不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个会议。Whether you believe it or not, its true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。（5）“no matter+疑问词”或“-ever疑问词”的含义为“无论都，不管都”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。Whatever happens, well go through it.=No matter what happens, well go through it.无论发生了什么，我们都会渡过难关的。Whoever you are, you have to obey the law.=No matter who you are, you have to obey the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“-ever疑问词”还可以引导名词性从句。例如：Whatever (no matter what)you say, I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。（whatever 引导让步状语从句）Whatever you want me to do, Ill do it.你让我干什么，我就干什么。(whatever引导宾语从句)Whoever comes will be welcome.谁来都受欢迎。（whoever引导主语从句）8、比较状语从句比较状语从句主要用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的句子之中。（1）原级1）asas 和一样Jack is as smart as Tom.杰克和汤姆一样聪明。2）not so(as)as不如那样She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.她不如她姐姐外向。（2）比较级带有比较级的比较状语从句通常由morethan引导。This book is more instructive than that one.这本书比那本书有教育意义。（3）最高级1）the mostinofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。2）the+形容词最高级+ofinThis is the busiest street in our city.这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。（4）比较级、最高级常用结构1）no more than 只有（嫌少的意思）I have no more than two books.我只有两本书。Its no more than a mile to the town.去镇上不过一英里。2）not more than 不如（前者不如后者）Jack is not more diligent than John.杰克不如约翰勤奋。3）one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数，意为“最之一”Wan Fang is one of the best students in our school. 万芳是我们学校最好的学生之一。9、方式状语从句在句子中做方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾，有时位于句中。（1）方式状语从句通常由as，(just)asso，as if，as though引导。as，(just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso结构位于句首时，as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如”“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎么样待你，你就要怎么样待别人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（2）as if，as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作“仿佛似的”“好像似的”，例如：He looks as if (as though)he had been hit by lightning.他那样子就像被雷劈了似的。（与事实相反，用虚拟语气）It looks as if it may pick up very soon.看起来天气很快会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，用陈述语气）练习Passsage 1Bessic Coleman was born in the USA.Her family was poor. She was in college for only one year. She had to leave because she did not have enough money to finish her studies.But during that year, she learned about (fly). She read about the first flight of the Wright Brothers and the first American woman pilot, Harriet . Bessie often (think) about what it would feel like to fly like a bird.At the age of 23, Bessic Coleman went to Chicago.There, she did some ordinary（普通的）jobs. But she wanted to do something more important. She decided to learn how to fly planes. She soon found it was almost impossible to get into a flight school.Which flight school would admit（接受）a black woman?Bessic learned that she would have a better chance in Europe.So she (begin) to study French at a language school in Chicago.After World War I, Bessie Coleman went to France. She (go) to the famous flight school in northern France. She learned to fly in a plane there. She finished seven months of flight training and in 1921 got her international permit（许可证）to fly in (French). She became the first black woman ever to have an international pilots license（执照）.Passage 2Soon it would be the holidays, but before that, there (be) final exams. All the kids had been working hard for some time, reviewing their lessons. If they didnt pass the exams, they would have to take them in September. There were usually a few who failed, but Jane didnt want to be one of (they). She had worked hard all year, but she was working so hard that her mother worried about her. She went to bed too late. The night before the big day, her mother insisted that she should have an early night and take a sleeping pill. She promised to wake her up in the morning.Jane was too nervous to fall asleep. Her mind kept (jump) from subject to subject. At last, the pill did work. In no time at all, she was sitting in the examination hall, looking at the paper, but she couldt answer any of the questions. Everyone around her was writing pages and pages. Though she (think) hard, she couldnt find anything to write about. From time to time she looked at her watch.Time was running out. There was only an hour to go. She started one question, wrote two sentences, gave up and tried another. With only half an hour left, she (write) another two sentences. By this time she was so worried that she started crying. Her whole body shook. It shook so much that she woke up. She was still in bed and it had all been a terrible dream. A minute later, her mother called her name.一、状语从句有哪些？填下表复习一下吧！状语从句的种类二、从方框中选择副词或副词短语填空，使句子完整，意思清楚。before; after; while; since; until; before; not untilthat; no soonerthan; whenever; as long as; by the time; if; wherever; if; the moment1. the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 2. Einstein almost knocked me down he saw me. 3. you think it over, please let me know what you decide.4. It was the meeting was over he began to teach me English.5. It is four years my sister lived in Beijing.6. Please wait I arrived. 7. It was a long time I went to sleep again. 8. I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.9. had the sun shown itself above the horizon he got out of bed to commence work.10. you came back, I had finished this book.11. that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.12. I will fight against these conditions there is a breath in my body! 13. there is smoke , there is fire. 14. You will get good grades you study hard. 15. He will not leave it isnt fine tomorrow. 三、从方框中选择副词或副词短语填空，使句子完整，意思清楚。sothat; as; in order that; because; suchthat; although; whether; as /though; as if; whatever; so; sothat; since; because; morethan16. everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.17. I didnt go, I was afraid.18. the weather is cold, I stay at home.19. We shall let you know the details soon you can make your arrangements. 20. Its nice weather all of us want to go to the park. 21. Ive had many falls Im black and blue all over. 22. Mike is honest a man we all believe him.23. we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.24. Child he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 25. you believe it or not, it is true. 26. you say is of no use now. 27. This book is instructive that one. 28. Just as we sweep our rooms, we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 29. It looks the weather may pick up very soon. 30. Mother was worried little Alice was ill, especially as father was away.四、从方框中选择副词或副词短语填空，使句子完整，意思清楚。since; as soon as; hardlywhen; every time; before; until; after; when; before; when; by the time; while; if; unless; as 31. My father had left for Canada just the letter arrived.32. we had finished the work, we went home.33. I worked he came back.34. I have been in Beijing you left.35. It was an hour the police arrived.36. I reach Canada, I will ring you up.37. It is five months our boss was in Beijing.38. had I sat down he stepped in.39. you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.40. You grow younger I see you.41. The girl was shopping she saw the alien.42. she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 43. I will go to the party he goes there too. 44. They are going to have a picnic it doesnt rain next week. 45. you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 五、从方框中选择副词或副词短语填空，使句子完整，意思清楚。as if; so that; as if ; sothat; even though; sothat; as; sothat; no matter what; as; whatever; sothat; before ; since; as if 46. the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.47. Ill run slowly you can catch up with me. 48. The scientists report was instructive we were all very excited.49. The boy is young he cant go to school. 50. There are few notebooks I cant give you any. 51. The weather is nice Id like to take a walk. 52. I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling. 53. Try hard he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 54. happened, he would not mind. 55. Prisoners have to eat theyre given.56. Always do to the others you would be done by. 57. They completely ignore these facts they never existed. 58. He stared at me seeing me for the first time. 59. The waves dashed on the rocks in anger.60. It will be four days they come back.六、从方框中选择副词或副词短语，使句子完整，意思清楚。till; directly; until; no soonerthan; since; before; each time; when; for; since; as long as; unless; because; if; hardlywhen61. They had not been married four months they were divorced.62. I didnt go to bed my father came back.63. I didnt work he came back.64. Where have you been I last saw you?65. I will go there I have finished my breakfast.66. He had arrived home he was asked to start on another journey.67. He had fallen asleep he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.68. It is five years we met last time.69. he came to Harbin, he would call on me.70. You can go where you like you get back before dark.71. What was Charlotte doing the alien took off ? 72. it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.73. You will be late you leave immediately.74. I didnt go to school yesterday I was ill. 75. I asked her to stay to tea, I had something to tell her. 七、从方框中选择副词或副词短语，使句子完整，意思清楚。though; sothat; although; suchthat; as if; so; whatever; as; for; now; sothat; as if; even though; so that; suchthat76. I opened the window fre