从句,非谓语,情态词,主谓一致.doc

高一下册英语语法；从句，非谓语，情态词，主谓一致。 从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。 主语从句用作主语，如： That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。 宾语从句用作宾语。如： Do you know where he lives? 表语从句用作表语，如： My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。 同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如： The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact） 定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如： The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. 状语从句相当于一个副词，如： When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语） If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。 主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如： I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。 He likes playing football very mucy. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 状语从句 状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。 状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。 时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。 时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there. 原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来比较一下。 because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。如：I dont like that coat,because the color looks terrible. 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill. 目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。如：You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly. 结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so.that 或 such.that引导，要掌握和区分这两个句型，首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。如：The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和 but不能同时使用。情态动词 1。表示肯定推测的情态动词有：must“一定；准是”，may“也许；可能”，might“或许”；表示否定推测的情态动词有：can”t“不可能”， couldn”t“不会”，may not“也许不”，might not“或许不”；can表示推测时不用于肯定句，may表示推测时不用于疑问句。2。表示能够： can, could , be able to3.情态动词+ have +过去分词1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有肯定，谅必的意思。-Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示不该做某事而做了。You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4) needn”t have done sth 本没必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn”t have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 本题考查非谓语动词作定语和伴随状语的用法。第一个空用现在分词作定语sweeping，相当于谓语动词为主动的定语从句结构，用现在分词，表示主动；第二个空为非谓语动词作伴随状语，表示和has jumped同时发生的动作，用现在分词表示动词同时发生 虚拟语气表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型： 条件从句 主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going 非谓语1. 去掉having。 过去分词作后置定语，在本句中表被动概念。 2. GuidingGuided。过去分词作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句Because he was guided. (因为受引导)。 3. beingbe。to be working 是动词不定式的进行式, expect sb. to be doing., 意为 期待某人正在干。 4. lostlosing。现在分词的否定式作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句Because he never lost.，注意现在分词的否定式是在分词的前面加not或never。 5. 去掉Having，worn中的w改为大写。worn out为过去分词作原因状语，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经存在的状态，相当于原因状语从句Because she was worn out.,wear sb. out 意为使某人筋疲力尽。 6. surprisingsurprised。过去分词作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句because they were surprised.。 7. knowingknown。过去分词作后置定语，known as意为被称为，作为被人知道。 8. takingtaken。过去分词构成的独立主格结构作条件状语。Everything taken into consideration相当于条件状语从句If everything is taken into consideration(假如把一切考虑在内的话)。 9. be前加to。由时间状语by the end of this month以及动词complete和句子的主语work的关系判断，应用不定式的被动式作后置定语，表示将来的被动动作。 10. take 前加to。不定式作后置定语，表示将来要发生的动作。注意take place无被动形式，也不能用其过去分词作定语、状语等。 也可以这样简明记一下 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1）不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2）动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3）分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词 情态动词 情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 （2）情态动词+行为动词进行式 （3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 （4）某些情态动词的特殊用法 一、情态动词+行为动词完成式 情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。 1. must have v-ed must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：cant / couldnt have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如： 1）Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 2）You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born. 2. could have v-ed could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如： 1）“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 2）“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.” 3.may / might have v-ed may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如： I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldnt have v-ed ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldnt have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如： 1）With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. 2）You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 5. neednt have v-ed neednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。例如： You neednt have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today. 注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如： “I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” “He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” 二、情态动词+行为动词进行式 情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如： 1）He must be playing basketball in the room. 2）She may be staying at home. 三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如： 1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him. 四、某些情态动词的特殊用法 1. need 考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别，对此，可参见表1.need 作情态动词时，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式，即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中，表示询问是否有“必要”，其否定形式为neednt，表示“不必”；疑问形式为 Need do? 极少用于肯定句。例如： 1）I dont think we need turn the light on at that time. 2）Need you ride a bike to school? 情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。 2. dare 考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。 情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。 3. can 和 may 考试中主要测试can，may或could，might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。 时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need 现 You need (not) do You (dont) need to do 在 时 He need (not) do He needs (doesnt need) to do 过 You needed (didnt need) to do 去 时 He needed (didnt need) to do 将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do 来 时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do 句型 时态 动词 情态动词dare 实义动词 dare 肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do 过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do 否定句 现在时 darent/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do 过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do 疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do? 过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do （1）can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如： 1）According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. 2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong. （2）May I / we ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please dont.或No, you mustnt. 例如： “May we leave now?” “No, you mustnt. You havent finished your home work yet.” 4. can 和 be able to can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力，但两者在用法上有点差异：can (could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事。例如： 1）My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses. 2）He is able to give up his bad habits. 5. must 和 have to must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别： （1）must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。 （2）have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。 （3）在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to，因为mustnt是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如： 1）You must come to the classroom before eight. 2）It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now. 3）“Must we do it now?” “No, you neednt.” 6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v （1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。 （2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如： 1）He used to smoke. Now he doesnt. 2）Hes quite used to hard work / working hard. 3）The knife is used to cut bread. 7用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如： 1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy. 3）Id rather walk than take a bus. 4）If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如： 1）I would rather you came on Sunday. 2）I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 非谓语动词 语法讲座 非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，学生常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。 一、分析句子结构 1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it . 2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told . B. Told C. He was told D. Though he had been told 3. _to the left , youll find the post office . 4. If you _to the left , youll find the post office . 5. _to the left , and youll find the post office . A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned 分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子成分，故选C。 句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。 句3. 同句2，选A 。 句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成从句谓语。 句5. 同句1，选C。 二、分析逻辑主语 确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。 1. _no buses , we have to walk home . A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being 2. _Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home . 分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“there”，故选A 。 句2. 同理选D。 三、分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。 1. _from space , the earth looks blue . 2._from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 分析：句1. “地球”被“看起来”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。 句2. 我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。 3. The dirty clothes _ , the girl hung them up outside . 4. _ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside . A. was washed B. washed C.were washed D.having washed 分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是“the dirty clothes”，和动词搭配表示“衣服被洗”，故选B。 句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语“the girl”，表示“女孩洗衣服”，为主动关系，故选D。 四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。 1. The building _now will be a restaurant . 2. The building _next year will be a restaurant . 3. The building _last year is a restaurant. A. having been built B.to be built C.being built D. built 句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。 句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。 句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。 又如： 1. He stood there_for his mother . 2. _for two hours , he went away . A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D.Having waited 句1表示“站在那等”，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。 句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词“went away ”之前，故用完成式，选D 。 需要注意的是，非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目，要认清否定形式，非谓语动词的否定都应将not 放在前面。 如： What is the reason for _there ? A. not your going B. not your go C. your not going D. you not to go 巩固练习: 1. _wont be of much help .(A) A .Toms going B. Tom going C. Tom to go D. Tom goes 2. They managed _the meeting room before the guests arrived. (C) A. finishing to clean B. finishing cleaning C. to finish cleaning D. to finish to clean 3. We must find a room big enough _.(B) A. for all of us to live B. for all of us to live in C. to live in all of us D. of all of us to live 4. _a teacher , I should set a good example to students . (A) A. Being B. Having been C. To be D. As I being 5. _a teacher ,one must first be their pupil . (C) A. Being B. Having been C. To be D. To have been 6. It was stupid _ your advice. (C) A. for me not to take B. for me not taking C. of me not to take D. of me not taking 7. The teacher told him to speak louder _by , everybody. (A) A. so as to be heard B. so as to hear C. in order that heard D. in order to hear 8. They suggested _ the sports meet till next Tuesday. (B) A. us to put off B. our putting off C. us of putting off D. our put off 9. The doctor gave me some medicine , _ three times a day before meals. (C) A. to take B. to be taking C. to be taken D. I took it 10. Thanking them for their kindness , he said that the old lady really appreciated _by them. (D) A. visiting B. visited C. to be visited D. being visited 11. _made her parents very angry . (B) A. Janes engaging Black B. Janes being engaged to Black C. Jane having engaged to Black D. Jane has engaged to Black 12. Dont you think it any good_in public places? (B) A. forbidding smoking B. to forbid smoking C. to forbid to smoke D. forbidding to smoke 13. China is a _ country and we should introduce _ science and technology from the _ countries. (B) A. developed; advanced; developed B. developing;advanced;developed C. developing;advancing;developing D. developed; advancing ; developing 14. _, the work can be done much better . (C) A. Given more time B.We had been given more time C. More time given D. If more time had given 15. _from space , the earth , with water _seventy percent of its surface , looks like a blue ball. (D) A. Seen ; covered B. Seeing ; covering C. Seeing; covered D. Seen; covering 16. People always shake hands with each other when _. (C) A. to introduce B. introduce C. introduced D. introducing 17. _, tears ran down her pale face. (A) A. No wo