模块二十：写作.doc

模块二十：写作一、写作分值作文满分18分: 内容满分7分，语言满分8分，结构满分3分。二、写作话题从中考英语命题中书面表达所占分值比例、评分标准及其发展趋势来看，英语写作在中考中占有重要地位。因此选择适当的方法，有目的有计划地掌握英语写作的策略和技能是十分必要的。（一）分析写作体裁初中阶段的写作体裁主要包括记叙文、议论文和应用文。记叙文的训练中应包括记人、叙事、状物。要分析不同类型文章的写作规律：如记人的文章可通过具体事例描写其思想品质、脾气性格、兴趣爱好等，给读者留下个性鲜明、有血有肉的形象。叙事文章要有条有理地交代五个要素，即Who，When，Where，What，How，为读者讲述情节完整、情感真挚的故事，让读者体验“你”的喜怒哀乐。写景状物的文章应通过描写该“物”该“景”的地理位置、国内（外）地位、形状大小、设施布局等特点，为读者正确描述事物的形象。议论文的写作要求常常是对某一观点发表你的看法，或对某一社会现象发表你的观点。只要观点正确，层次清楚，就能达到初中议论文的写作要求。初中阶段对应用文的写作要求逐步提高，在训练中应予以重视。应用文的写作形式有书信、日记、报告、便条、通知、倡议书、电子邮件等。首先要理清不同形式的写作格式，然后分析写作的具体内容。如2000年的写作要求就是通过书信的形式叙述上海的变化。（二）收集写作素材素材要贴近学生生活实际，关注学生生活经历，培养学生的自主和创新精神。因此平时训练中，书面表达所选的话题，均应在学生的生活、学习、常识范围之内。平时要注意通过广播、电视、报纸、网站等大众媒体捕捉、收集有价值的信息，同时也要积累学习生活的经历和体验。有必要了解一些新闻人物，如刘翔、姚明等，也应积累生活中让人激动的场面，如运动会、联欢会等，还要关注社会热点。此外，还要了解时事新闻。总之，在考前，一定要用敏锐的眼光、敏感的头脑多多收集写作题材。（三）加强写作训练初三阶段时间紧迫，因此写作训练必须充分调动学生的积极性，挖掘自身和集体的潜力，这样才能大幅度提高写作能力。只有通过持之以恒地训练，才能不断提高写作能力。学生可以从摘抄、仿写开始，培养写作兴趣。再通过记日记、写信等形式联系生活，学以致用。帮助他们养成良好的写作习惯。（四）重视写后批改、评价 认真对待每一次写作练习以及练后反思和总结：（1）内容是否完整。（2）时态是否合适。（3）拼写和标点是否正确。（4）主谓是否一致。（5）格式和字数是否符合要求。另外，找出习作中的典型错误，如审题、选材、语言组织、句子结构等方面存在的问题，避免再犯类似错误。此外，学生在写好简单句的基础上大胆使用长句和复合句，使用高级词汇，使文章表现出句式的多样性和语言的丰富性，在原有基础上提高写作能力。三、写作技巧英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。正确无误的造句能力和各种文体的写作技巧，两者缺一不可。 1、正确无误的造句能力 首先可以从替换单词、扩词造句训练，做到有效积累，扩大视野，灵活运用。如：如何修饰一个最简单、最常用的“说”？我们就可以写出许多： say something gladly（merrily， excitedly， sadly， kindly， worriedly， loudly， sweetly，timidly， bravely， confidently） 还可说say some thing in a friendly way.替换了一个副词，生动地表达了说话时的不同心情。 扩词有：play footballplay foot ball in the play groundplay football in the play ground with my friendsplay football in the play ground with my friends after school.对其中的动词我们还可替换成play games，play the piano等，后面的状语都可以有相应的更换。又如：a friendmy friendmy close friendmy close friend named Mary.以此类推，我们可以模仿着进行扩句训练。The students love life.The students of Class One love enjoyable school life very much.为了避免句型的重复，我们还可以转换不同的句型，来表达同一内容。如：The dictionary is so big that it doesnt fit into my pocket.The dictionary is too big to fit into my pocket.The dictionary is not small enough to fit into my pocket. 这样训练写句的方法，可以有助于克服心里先想好中文，然后逐字翻译的不良习惯，从而造的句子符合英语表达的习惯。在平时的辅导中，我们可以试着用课文中所学的句型和词汇，设计一些中译英句子，虽然对初中学生有一定的难度，但长此以往可以有效地掌握正确的句子结构，巩固所学词汇，做到活学活用，为中考作文作好铺垫。 在牛津7A开始，我们可以针对所学的句型和学生日常学习生活的真实情景，设计许多中译英： 1. 尽管我的爷爷奶奶已60多岁了，他们还能每天早上坚持锻炼。(although) 2. 你与其他同学不同，你总是喜欢独自一人呆在家里。(be different from) 3. 去天目山参观是一件很开心的事。(Its fun) 4. 我有个建议，把我们旧的书报杂志送给班级阅览角，这样同学们就会有更多的书可以分享。(suggestion) 5. 在暴风雨中，我们最好不放风筝，因为它可能让我们触电。(because, get an electric shock) 6. 新的隧道将把上海和崇明岛连接起来。( link upwith) 7. 这位驾驶员从这次事故中吸取了教训。( learn a lesson) 8. 我们赢了这场比赛，他们看上去很失望。(win，look) 9. 你们校运会准备工作进展如何？(get on with)10. 我们盼望着2010年的上海世博会.(look forward to)有了扎实的组词、造句能力，要写好一篇中考作文，就如同裁缝做服装准备好了上等的面料，如果学生对中考中可能出现的各种文体的格式，一般行文规律能了解掌握，那么中考作文定能获得满意的成绩。 2、写作步骤 A. 考前准备 分析类型 纵观近年中考写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写景，日记，书信，通知，广告，便条等文体。题型基本是：命题作文，应用文写作，看图写话。 积累素材 平时注意日常生活观察，关注社会热点，关心周围的人和事。 及时记录 如果平时能有心及时写下所见所闻，或有写日记的习惯，写作水平会提高更快。 B. 动笔过程 细心审题，细读题目中每一项提示，或观察每一幅画，弄清题意，明确中心，确定体裁。特别是对于我们看来非常熟悉的内容，更要仔细推敲，有自己独特的立意。 根据所给的提示，按照一定的规律，如事件的先后顺序，地点的更换等内在的联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图说话，注意文在图中，意在图外，抓住每一要点，使表达的内容有条理性。 理清篇章结构，构成短文的整体框架。C. 文章要素起它是文章的主旨，或提出主题句，列出事情的要点 承针对主题开展叙述，讨论收是对全文的总结和概括 有了框架，就可以收集积累的材料，用最恰当的短语、句型把你要表达的意思逐句表达出来，多用简单句和有把握的复合句。 为了使短文有浑然一体的感觉，优秀作文少不了的是恰当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等连词。 学生最容易忽视的是检查。 时态的前后呼应，人称与动词的变化，单词拼写，标点符号，规定字数等，所有这些都可以通过仔细检查，避免低级错误出现。英语短文的提高，需要组词、造句语言基本能力的提高，多读文章，多加思考，就能在中考中写作取得理想的成绩。3、作文点评中考英语写作的常见题型有以下四种：1、是根据所给标题写作，2、是根据英语情景提示写作，3、是根据英汉提示写作，4、是看图写作。命题作文即给出一个统一的题目，限定考生写作的具体范围，要求考生就同一主题展开叙述或评论。写好命题作文的关键是紧扣主题、立意明确、观点清晰。四、写作题型（一）命题作文例1 To be a lovely Shanghainese (2003上海英语中考)审题：该题的重点在于阐述作为一个可爱的上海人，我们关键应怎样做？在2003年的考生作文中，有一部分同学发生了严重的偏题，把描述重点放在形容上海是怎样的一个大都市，因此失分很多。由此看来，审题的准确是非常重要的。 学生作文：Shanghai is developing quickly everyday. Quite a few foreigners come to visit Shanghai. As the hosts of Shanghai, we must be lovely Shanghaineses to tell the visitors that Shanghai is an international city. To be a lovely Shanghainese，first, we should do our best to make the city more beautiful to show our enthusiasm. Next, we should be kind and friendly to everyone. We must do so to make our guests fell our zeal. Finally, we should study and work hard to develop our ability. Shanghai is developing and we should make progress to follow the epoch. 评析：该篇作文行文流畅，结构清晰，以“first，Next，Finally”的结构描述，层次感很强。不定式的恰当运用体现了考生较好的语法功底。教师拟评分：9分例2 Four years school life审题：该题要求考生对四年的初中生活进行回顾和总结，适合以夹叙夹议的方式来写作。（此外，从情感教育的角度来看，阅卷老师总希望读到考生回忆自己美好、快乐的初中生活，而不是讨厌自己的母校、老师、同学等消极情绪的体现。）学生作文：Ive been in my middle school for four years. Four years school life plays an important role in my life. I enjoy making friends, getting knowledge and having interesting time in my school. I have also made friendship with lots of classmates, and I have also been taught different lessons by lots of different patient teachers. I have grown up a lot in the past four years. I will never forget my four years school life. 评析：整篇作文非常明快、流畅，体现了考生对母校依依不舍的情怀。由于是对初中生活的回顾和总结，考生恰当地选择以现在完成时作为主要的时态来强调影响和结果,文中plays an important role这一词组和被动语态的正确运用也体现了考生良好的词汇和语法功底。教师拟评分：10分 （二）应用文写作 应用文主要包括信函、电邮、日记、通知、广告、电话等形式，它要求考生不仅能表达题中的主要内容，还能够正确地运用各种文本格式进行规范的书写，这也是考生对于英语传统文化了解多少的反映。因此，考生应在临考前系统地复习各种文本格式以及打电话的规范用语，以做到处变不惊、百战百胜。例3写一封信给你在云南省西双版纳市的笔友李帆，告诉他你很愿意与他交朋友，并邀请他到上海来旅行。 审题：该题要求考生以规范的信件格式来书写，并把题中所出现的信息点都涵概在内。建议考生可把题目中的信息点都一一划出，以免发生遗漏。 学生作文：LifanXishuangbannaYunnan Province ，China Nov. 25th, 2008 Dear Lifan, Thank you for your letter. Im glad to be your pen-friend. We are the same years old, but we were born in different places. In my imagination, Xishuangbanna is a very beautiful place. There are a lot of plants and animals. You know I look forward to visiting Xishuangbanna. Would you like to come to Shanghai? Id like to invite you to Shanghai in summer holiday. Shanghai is also a beautiful place. It is a modern city. There are a lot of interesting places such as the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, the Bund, and Nanjing Road Walkway. If you come here, I will show you around Shanghai. You can live at my home and my mother will cook you much delicious food. Lets be best friends! Yours sincerely, Xiaomin教师拟评分：9分例4写一篇题为“A Visit To_”的日记。审题：该题为半命题式作文。考生除了要注意运用正确的日记格式，还可根据自己的经验和熟悉程度来选择、确定文章的主题.学生作文： Vov. 25th, 2008 sunny A Visit To Jinmao BuildingJinmao Building has Chinese traditional styles and it is also modern. It is the signal construction of Shanghai. It is located in the center of Lujiazui Financial Area. Our family visited Jinmao Building today. The traffic there is very convenient. You can got here by tunnel and No.2 subway. And if you live near it, you can walk there just like our family. We went to the eighty-eighth floor of Jinmao Building. We saw the whole view of Shanghai there. Please come to Jinmao Building, and you will get some unexpected gains there.评析：整篇作文主题明确，对于金茂大厦的描述也较具体，文中“the signal construction”一词是全文的亮点。但整篇文章的层次不够清晰，句子也以简单句为主，对于参观这一动词的阐述还不够充分。 教师拟评分：8分 （三）看图写话 看图写话是初中英语作文常考的一种形式，但随着牛津版教材的大量应用，学生的写作能力有了较大的提高，因此中考作文的要求和难度也相应提高。所以，在中考作文中继续出现简单的叙事型看图写话的可能性很小，但有可能会提供给考生一些具有寓意的漫画或图片，要求考生从中发现问题、提出自己的观点，这对考生的逻辑思维能力和英语语言的娴熟运用都提出了更高的要求。例5审题：这幅画蕴涵了一个深刻的主题即战争与和平，这与当今世界的热点问题密切相关，它不仅考核考生是否能流畅地表达自己的观点，更需要考生站在人文关怀的高度来观察整个世界。 学生作文： A Represent of Freedom and Peace Almost everyday we can see there are always a huge number of pigeons enjoying the sunbath in some large squares, but do you often care what a white pigeon stands for? That is peace. For hundreds of years, people always regard pigeons as a represent of freedom and peace. That is because of not only its lovely pure figure,but also its great passion to the outside world. Till now, I still cant help thinking of such a picture: In Iraq, a boy was watching a white pigeon over his head. The background was full of wounded solders and guns. Thus, this lovely white pigeon was contrastive to this iced background and gave people a deep consideration. Suddenly, a thought comes into my mind: Why there have been so many wars in the world just for someones own interest? Why cant people live like as mall pigeon with freedom? I hope there will not be wars, FOREVER!评析：应该说，要把这篇看图作文写好是有相当难度的，但考生以非常流畅的笔调从鸽子联想到自由与和平，再联想到发生在伊拉克的战争。文风成熟老练，这在初中生的作文中是难能可贵的。 教师拟评分：10分例6审题：该图要求考生先看懂漫画，对它进行清晰的描述，同时根据其隐藏的寓意提出自己的观点，如在此图中应关注树木被砍伐而提出环保的重要性。 学生作文：Seeing this picture, we know that these trees have been cut down. But as a very little baby in the picture, he must be puzzled. He will ask: What are these? Are these trees? Of course, in our imagination, trees must be tall, strong and green enough. Actually, his question shows humans a problem that is worth thinking about. The covering rate of the forest in the world has kept decreasing these years and it caused a lot of problems on environment. As we all know, trees are very important in our life. They can make the air fresher, reduce natural disasters and soon. So I appeal: Dont cut down trees. Let s make our earth greener for our later generation. Dont let the children think trees are only roots!评析：整篇作文结构清晰，全文分三段，第一段详细地描述漫画的内容；第二段阐述其蕴涵的寓意即环保对于世界和后代们的重要性；第三段提出作者的号召，使文章的结尾明快、有力！教师拟评分：10分 五、英语写作满分必备过渡词（一）根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词:besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more, whats worse（3）表转折对比的过渡词:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one handon the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, sothat, suchthat（6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as（7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, from now on, at present, immediately, the moment（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:for instance, for example, like, such as（11）表陈述事实的过渡词:in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth（12）表强调的过渡词:certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to（14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表总结的过渡词:in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary（二）文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,It is often said that,As the proverb says,It goes without saying that,It is clear/obvious that,Many people often ask （2）用于“承”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubtIt is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can deny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more serious is that（3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found,Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum upFrom this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must六、考前辅导提示1、根据写作提示的三个要点，列出相应的扩展语句，以免遗漏关键信息。2、尤其应重视文章开头与结尾，不得出现严重的语法错误。没有把握正确的单词，短语，句型不得出现在试卷上。3、信号词在文章主体中的运用。First, second , besides , in addition , further more ,the last but not the least . all in all .4、文章应按照总分总的结构来写。5、对于基础太差的学员，写作尽量使用简单句，可参考阅读理解中的句子，与主题相关的句子可以摘抄，但切记整段抄写，否则劳而无功。对于基础较好的学员，可多用些复合句：如宾语从句，倒装句，也可加些谚语，以增加文采分。6、感觉到无内容可写时，可以从学英语的角度去过度。（我为我自己感到自豪，一件另人难忘的事） 7、写作训练与范文背诵相结合。8、书写规范，卷面整洁。七、范文预览：学习上的困惑Dear Ms Li,Im very glad to write to you. I have a lot of troubles these days. Every day I have a lot of homework to do at school. I dont enough time to sleep. I nearly have no time to do sports. My friends and I can hardly find time to talk, or play together. When I get back home from school, Im not allowed to watch TV, surf the Internet or listen to my favourite music. I feel worried about them. I dont know what I should do. Could you please give me some suggestions?Best wishes.校园生活Time flies! I have studied in my middle school for three years. The students in our school work hard at their lessons. They take an active part in activities that help to improve their qualities and health. They are friendly to each other and always ready to help each other.I have learned a lot. I have learned not only how to make friends but also how to talk to others. I have many hobbies. I like sports. I often play basketball, football and volleyball with my friends. Football is my favorite. Of all my subjects, I do best in English and Chinese. But my math and physics are a little weak. I think I will try my best to learn them well. I love my school.文明环境Recently we have held a class meeting to discuss what is considered to be honorable behavior and what is shameful. It is really a pity to see all this in our school.Some students dont respect their teachers or parents.Some dont take their studies seriously and cheat in exams.Some throw wastes everywhere and pollute the environment .It is honorable to obey the law and rules , care much about our class and study hard.It is shameful to break school rules, to be selfish or to make little effort to achieve success.We should respect others and think more of them than of ourselves.We should work hard and make much more progress to repay the society. We should try our best to keep the environment clean.难忘的一天On May 12th, a big earthquake happened in Wenchuan, Sichuan. Many people lost their relatives and their homes. All the Chinese people feel quite sorrow.A lot of people volunteer to help them. Some people raise money for them, some people buy something for them, some people go there to comfort the sad children. Thousands of soldiers help them to save their relatives and rebuild their homes Even foreign friends also give them a hand.Im deeply moved by these people. SoIll use my pocket money to buy some food and school things for the children there. I think all of us should try our best to help them to get out of the trouble together.假期生活As the bell rings, the summer holiday is coming; Im going to have a good rest and learn to relax myself. I will read more useful books because reading more books is not only interesting but also can make me learn more knowledge. I will try to spend more time in chatting with my parents and help them do some housework, I am going to take part in the social activities so that I can know more about the society. I think I will have a fully holiday life!八、历年上海中考真题：2001年V. Suppose this is a page from your diary. Write at least 50 words about what you did on May 1 this year.(写一页日记，记下你在今年五月一日的活动。要求内容切题，意思连贯。 词数不少于50个，标点符号不占格)：(共8分)2002年V. Write at least 50 words on the topic My Favourite Thing (s)(根据英文提示，以“我的心爱之物”为题写话，不少于50个词。内容必须包括英文提示中的3项要求，标点符号不占格)：(共8分)Make Sure you 1. Introduce what the thing(s)is(are).2. Say when and/or where, and how you got it(them) 3. Explain why you like it (them) and why it is (they are) special to you. 2003年V. Use the suggested questions as clues. Write at least 60 words on the topic “ To Be a Lovely Shanghainese.” The pictures are for your reference. (根据文字提示，以做一个可爱的“上海人”为题写话。词数不少于60个，标点符号不占格，图片仅供参考)：（共10分） Suggested questions: Why should we be lovely Shanghainese? What should or shouldnt a lovely Shanghainese do? What are you doing to be a lovely Shanghainese