欧洲侵权法原理中英文对照.doc

European Group on Tort Law欧洲侵法基本原权权European Group on Tort LawEuropean Group on Tort LawPrinciples of European Tort Law欧洲侵法基本原权权TITLE I. Basic Norm第一篇基本概念Chapter 1. Basic Norm第一章基本概念Art. 1:101. Basic norm第一条：101基本概念(1)A person to whom damage to another is legally attributed is liable to compensate that damage.(1)任何在法律上对第三方造成损害的行为人应承担赔偿责任(2)Damage may be attributed in particular to the person(2)损害赔偿应尤其由下列各方承担：a)whose conduct constituting fault has caused it; ora)其行为构成过错并造成损失的一方；或b)whose abnormally dangerous activity has caused it; orb)从事异常危险的活动且造成损失的一方；或c)whose auxiliary has caused it within the scope of his functions.c)其附属机构在其职责范围内造成损失的一方。TITLE II. General Conditions of Liability第二篇责任原则Chapter 2. Damage第二章损害Art. 2:101. Recoverable damage第二条：101可受偿损失Damage requires material or immaterial harm to a legally protected interest.该损失必须对合法保护的利益造成物质上或非物质上的损害。Art. 2:102. Protected interests第二条：102受保护的利益(1)The scope of protection of an interest depends on its nature; the higher its value, the precision of its definition and its obviousness, the more extensive is its protection.(1)某一利益受保护的范围取决于该利益的性质; 其价值越高，定义越精确，利益越明显，对该利益的保护范围越广泛。(2)Life, bodily or mental integrity, human dignity and liberty enjoy the most extensive protection.(2)生命，人身或精神上的完整性，人格尊严和人身自由享受最广泛的保护。(3)Extensive protection is granted to property rights, including those in intangible property.(3)财产权，包括无形资产享受广泛的保护。(4)Protection of pure economic interests or contractual relationships may be more limited in scope. In such cases, due regard must be had especially to the proximity between the actor and the endangered person, or to the fact that the actor is aware of the fact that he will cause damage even though his interests are necessarily valued lower than those of the victim.(4)对纯经济损失和合同利益的保护范围相对受限。在此情况下，应适当考虑行为人与受害方的接近程度，或考虑到行为人明知其行为将造成损失的事实（尽管其利益的价值被认为低于受害方的利益)。(5)The scope of protection may also be affected by the nature of liability, so that an interest may receive more extensive protection against intentional harm than in other cases.(5)利益保护范围也受责任性质的影响，因此对国际利益造成的损害的保护应比其他情况下的保护更广泛。(6)In determining the scope of protection, the interests of the actor, especially in liberty of action and in exercising his rights, as well as public interests also have to be taken into consideration.(6)决定利益保护范围时，应考虑行为人的利益，尤其该行为人行动与行使权利的自由，以及公共利益。Art. 2:103. Legitimacy of damage第二条：103损害的合法性Losses relating to activities or sources which are regarded as illegitimate cannot be recovered.与非法行为及非法资源相关的损失不能得到赔偿。Art. 2:104. Preventive expenses第二条：104预防措施的费用Expenses incurred to prevent threatened damage amount to recoverable damage in so far as reasonably incurred.为避免紧急威胁造成的费用在合理的范围内可以得到赔偿。Art. 2:105. Proof of damage第二条：105举证责任Damage must be proved according to normal procedural standards. The court may estimate the extent of damage where proof of the exact amount would be too difficult or too costly.损害的证明必须依据通常的程序标准进行举证。在无法举证损害的确切数额或举证费用过高时，法院有权判定损害数额。Chapter 3. Causation第三章因果原则Section 1. Conditio sine qua non and qualifications第一节必要条件与原因识别Art. 3:101. Conditio sine qua non第三条：101必要条件An activity or conduct (hereafter: activity)is a cause of the victims damage if, in the absence of the activity, the damage would not have occurred.若无某一活动或行为（以下简称为行为)，损失就不会发生，则此行为被认为是造成受害方损失的原因。Art. 3:102. Concurrent causes第三条：102共同原因In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have caused the damage at the same time, each activity is regarded as a cause of the victims damage.在多方行为的情况下，若任一方的单独行为足以造成损失，则每一方的行为都被认定为造成受害方损失的原因。Art. 3:103. Alternative causes第三条：103其他原因(1)In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have been sufficient to cause the damage, but it remains uncertain which one in fact caused it, each activity is regarded as a cause to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have caused the victims damage.(1)在多方行为的情况下，若任一方的单独行为都可能足以造成损失，但事实上并不明确哪一方的行为造成此损失，则每一方的行为依据其可能造成受害方损失的可能性来判定其作为造成受害方损失的原因的程度。(2)If, in case of multiple victims, it remains uncertain whether a particular victims damage has been caused by an activity, while it is likely that it did not cause the damage of all victims, the activity is regarded as a cause of the damage suffered by all victims in proportion to the likelihood that it may have caused the damage of a particular victim.(2)在多方受害人的情况下，若不能确认某一受害方的损失由某一行为造成，而此行为很可能并未造成所有受害方的损失，则依据该行为造成某一受害方损失可能性的大小依比例认定其作为所有受害方损失的原因。Art. 3:104. Potential causes第三条：104潜在原因(1)If an activity has definitely and irreversibly led the victim to suffer damage, a subsequent activity which alone would have caused the same damage is to be disregarded.(1)若某一行为绝对且不可避免的造成受害方遭受损害，则相继的可单独造成同样损失的行为不被采纳为造成损害的原因。(2)A subsequent activity is nevertheless taken into consideration if it has led to additional or aggravated damage.(2)但若相继行为导致额外损失或加重损失，则仍应考虑此行为。(3)If the first activity has caused continuing damage and the subsequent activity later on also would have caused it, both activities are regarded as a cause of that continuing damage from that time on.(3)若第一个行为造成持续的损失，后发的相继行为本来也可能造成此损失，则这两个行为都被视为持续损失的原因。Art. 3:105. Uncertain partial causation第三条：105不明确的部分原因In the case of multiple activities, when it is certain that none of them has caused the entire damage or any determinable part thereof, those that are likely to have minimally contributed to the damage are presumed to have caused equal shares thereof.在多方行为的情况下，若能确定无一行为造成全部损失或决定性部分损失，则所有（至少)可能造成该损失的行为被推定为相同比例造成损失。Art. 3:106. Uncertain causes within the victims sphere第三条：106受害方范围内不明确原因The victim has to bear his loss to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have been caused by an activity, occurrence or other circumstance within his own sphere.若损害可能由受害方范围内的活动、行为或其他情况造成，受害方应承担与该活动、行为或其他情况造成损害的可能性相对应的损失。Section 2. Scope of Liability第二节责任范围Art. 3:201. Scope of Liability第三条：201责任范围Where an activity is a cause within the meaning of Section 1 of this Chapter, whether and to what extent damage may be attributed to a person depends on factors such as若某一行为构成本章第一节规定中的原因，行为人是否及至何种程度承担责任取决于下列因素：a)the foreseeability of the damage to a reasonable person at the time ofthe activity, taking into account in particular the closeness in time or space between the damaging activity and its consequence, or the magnitude of the damage in relation to the normal consequences of such an activity;a)在善意行为人行为时损失的可预见性，尤其考虑到致损行为与其后果在时间或空间上的接近性，或该行为造成的通常后果与该损失程度之间的关系；b)the nature and the value of the protected interest (Article 2:102);b)受保护利益的性质和价值（第二条：102)；c)the basis of liability (Article 1:101);c)责任基础（第一条：101)；d)the extent of the ordinary risks of life; andd)生活中通常风险的程度；和e)the protective purpose of the rule that has been violated.e)被违反的本原则的保护目的。TITLE III. Bases of Liability第三篇责任性质Chapter 4. Liability based on fault第四章过错责任制Section 1. Conditions of liability based on fault第一节过错责任制的条件Art. 4:101. Fault第四条：101过错A person is liable on the basis of fault for intentional or negligent violation of the required standard of conduct.行为人在过错的基础上对由于其故意或过失而违反必要行为准则的行为承担责任。Art. 4:102. Required standard of conduct第四条：102必要行为准则(1)The required standard of conduct is that of the reasonable person in the circumstances, and depends, in particular, on the nature and value of the protected interest involved, the dangerousness of the activity, the expertise to be expected of a person carrying it on, the foreseeability of the damage, the relationship of proximity or special reliance between those involved, as well as the availability and the costs of precautionary or alternative methods.(1)必要行为准则指善意行为人善意行为时的行为准则，尤其取决于受保护利益的性质和价值，行为的危险性，可期望的行为人的专业知识，损失的可预见性，所涉及各方之间接近或特殊依赖关系，以及可用资源和预防措施及其他替代办法的费用。(2)The above standard may be adjusted when due to age, mental or physical disability or due to extraordinary circumstances the person cannot be expected to conform to it.(2)当行为人由于年龄、精神病或身体残疾或极其特殊的情况而不能执行该准则时，上述准则可适当调整。(3)Rules which prescribe or forbid certain conduct have to be considered when establishing the required standard of conduct.(3)当确立必要行为准则时，规定或禁止某些行为的规则应被考虑在内。Art. 4:103. Duty to protect others from damage第四条：103保护其他方免受损失的责任A duty to act positively to protect others from damage may exist if law so provides, or if the actor creates or controls a dangerous situation, or when there is a special relationship between parties or when the seriousness of the harm on the one side and the ease of avoiding the damage on the other side point towards such a duty.行为人积极行为保护其他方免受损失的责任存在于下列几种情况：在有法律规定时，或行为人制造或控制危险局面时，或当事方之间存在特殊关系时，或一方面危害的严重性，另一方面避免此损失的容易性共同指向此责任时。Section 2. Reversal of the burden of proving fault第二节举证责任倒置Art. 4:201. Reversal of the burden of proving fault in general第四条：201一般举证责任倒置(1)The burden of proving fault may be reversed in light of the gravity of the danger presented by the activity.(1)举证责任的倒置在某行为构成紧急危险时可成立。(2)The gravity of the danger is determined according to the seriousness of possible damage in such cases as well as the likelihood that such damage might actually occur.(2)危险的紧急性由该情况下可能造成损失的严重性以及该损失实际发生的可能性决定。Art. 4:202. Enterprise Liability第四条：202企业责任(1)A person pursuing a lasting enterprise for economic or professional purposes who uses auxiliaries or technical equipment is liable for any harm caused by a defect of such enterprise or of its output unless he proves that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct.(1)使用辅助设备或技术设备，长期从事经济或专业性企业经营的行为人，对该企业或其产品的缺陷造成的损害承担责任，除非该行为人能证明他采取了所有必要的防护措施。(2)Defect“ is any deviation from standards that are reasonably to be expected from the enterprise or from its products or services.(2)缺陷是指偏离对该企业、其产品或其服务合理期待的标准。Chapter 5. Strict liability第五章严格责任制Art. 5:101. Abnormally dangerous activities第五条：101异常危险的活动(1)A person who carries on an abnormally dangerous activity is strictly liable for damage characteristic to the risk presented by the activity and resulting from it.(1)从事异常危险活动的行为人对活动本身特有的风险所造成的损害及该活动造成的损害负严格责任。(2)An activity is abnormally dangerous if(2)满足下列条件的活动被视为异常危险的活动：a)it creates a foreseeable and highly significant risk of damage even when all due care is exercised in its management anda)即使在从事活动过程中采取所有防护措施，该活动仍造成可预见的和极高的风险；且b)it is not a matter of common usage.b)该活动并非通常惯例。(3)A risk of damage may be significant having regard to the seriousness or the likelihood of the damage.(3)基于损失的严重性和可能性，造成损失的风险很大。(4)This Article does not apply to an activity which is specifically subjected to strict liability by any other provision of these Principles or any other national law or international convention.(4)此条规定不适用于本原则其他条款、国内法或国际条约明确规定适用严格责任的活动。Art. 5:102. Other strict liabilities第五条：102其他适用严格责任制的活动(1)National laws can provide for further categories of strict liability for dangerous activities even if the activity is not abnormally dangerous.(1)国内法有权规定其他适用严格责任制的危险活动，即使该活动并非异常危险。(2)Unless national law provides otherwise, additional categories of strict liability can be found by analogy to other sources of comparable risk of damage.(2)除非国内法另有规定，其他适用严格责任制的活动可依据造成损失的同类风险类推适用。Chapter 6. Liability for others第六章对第三方的责任Art. 6:101. Liability for minors or mentally disabled persons第六条：101对未成年人及精神病人的责任A person in charge of another who is a minor or subject to mental disability is liable for damage caused by the other unless the person in charge shows that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct in supervision.监护人对其监护的未成年人或精神病人造成的损害负责，除非该监护人能证明他已尽到监护责任要求的必要行为准则。Art. 6:102. Liability for auxiliaries第六条：102对附属机构的责任(1)A person is liable for damage caused by his auxiliaries acting within the scope of their functions provided that they violated the required standard of conduct.(1)行为人对其附属机构在职权范围内造成的损失负责，若该附属机构违反了必要行为准则。(2)An independent contractor is not regarded as an auxiliary for the purposes of this Article.(2)独立承揽人不视为本条款所规定的附属机构。TITLE IV. Defences第四篇抗辩Chapter 7. Defences in general第七章基本抗辩Art. 7:101. Defences based on justifications第七条：101证明适当的抗辩(1)Liability can be excluded if and to the extent that the actor acted legitimately(1)行为人在下列情况下合法行为可免责：a)in defence of his own protected interest against an unlawful attack (self-defence),a)为保护自身利益防止非法侵犯（自卫)，b)under necessity,b)必要的情况下，c)because the help of the authorities could not be obtained in time (self-help),c)救济机关不能及时提供救济（自立救济)，d)with the consent of the victim, or where the latter has assumed the risk of being harmed, ord)取得受害方同意，或受害方同意承担受损害的风险，e)by virtue of lawful authority, such as a licence.e)合法授权，比如许可证。(2)Whether liability is excluded depends upon the weight of these justifications on the one hand and the conditions of liability on the other.(2)行为人可否免责取决于抗辩理由和责任条件。(3)In extraordinary cases, liability may instead be reduced.(3)在特殊情况下，责任可被降低。Art. 7:102. Defences against strict liability第七条：102严格责任的抗辩(1)Strict liability can be excluded or reduced if the injury was caused by an unforeseeable and irresistible(1)如果损害由不可预见且不可避免的下列因素造成，严格责任可被免除或降低a)force of nature (force majeure), ora)自然力（不可抗力)，或b)conduct of a third party.b)第三方的行为(2)Whether strict liability is excluded or reduced, and if so, to what extent, depends upon the weight of the external influence on the one hand and the scope of liability (Article 3:201)on the other.(2)严格责任是否可被免除或降低，以及至何种程度，取决于外因的证据力和责任的范围（第三条：201)。(3)When reduced according to paragraph (1)(b), strict liability and any liability of the third party are solidary in accordance with Article 9:101 (1)(b).(3)根据本条(1)（b)款降低责任时，严格责任与第三方的其他责任根据第九条：101(1)（b)为连带责任。Chapter 8. Contributory conduct or activity第八章有连带责任的行为或活动Art. 8:101. Contributory conduct or activity of the victim第八条：101受害方有连带责任的行为或活动(1)Liability can be excluded or reduced to such extent as is considered just having regard to the victims contributory fault and to any other matters which would be relevant to establish or reduce liability of the victim if he were the tortfeasor.(1)考虑受害方的连带过错和其他影响确定和降低受害方责任（假若受害方为侵权人)的相关因素，行为人的责任可被免除或适当降低。(2)Where damages are claimed with respect to the death of a person, his conduct or activity excludes or reduces liability according to para. 1.(2)损害赔偿涉及行为人的死亡，可依据本条第一款规定免除或降低该行为人的责任。(3)The contributory conduct or activity of an auxiliary of the victim excludes or reduces the damages recoverable by the latter according to para. 1.(3)受害方附属机构的连带行为或活动造成损害的，受害方本应得到的赔偿可依据本条规定免除或降低。TITLE V. Multiple Tortfeasors第五篇多方共同侵权Chapter 9. Multiple Tortfeasors第九章多方共同侵权Art 9:101 Solidary and several liability: relation between victim and multiple tortfeasors第九条：101连带责任：受害方与共同侵权人之间的关系(1)Liability is solidary where the whole or a distinct part of the damage suffered by the victim is attributable to two or more persons. Liability is solidary where:(1)受害方所遭受的全部或大部分损害由两个或两个以上行为人造成时，行为人应共同承担责任。下列情况下，行为人应共同承担连带责任：a)a person knowingly participates in or instigates or encourages wrongdoing by others which causes damage to the victim; ora)行为人有意参加，或教唆或煽动其他方不法行为，造成受害方的损失；或b)one persons independent behaviour or activity causes damage to the victim and the same damage is also attributable to another person.b)某一行为人的独立行为或活动造成受害方的损失，而另一方的行为也促成此损害。c)a person is responsible for damage caused by an auxiliary in circumstances where the auxiliary is also liable.c)行为人对其附属机构应负责的损害也承担连带赔偿责任。(2)Where persons are subject to solidary liability, the victim may claim full compensation from any one or more of them, provided that the victim may not recover more than the full amount of the damage suffered by him.(2)行为人承担连带责任时，受害方可向其中任何一个或多个行为人请求全部赔偿，但赔偿总额不应超过受害方所遭受的损害。(3)Damage is the same damage for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b)above when there is no reasonable basis for attributing only part of it to each of a number of persons liable to the victim. For this purpose it is for the person asserting that the damage is not the same to show that it is not. Where there is such a basis, liability is several, that is to say, each person is liable to the victim only for the part of the damage attributable to him.(3)在无合理依据确定某一部分损害应由共同责任人中的某一个人负责时，本款所述损害赔偿与上述(1)（b)款的规定相同。同样，主张该损害与上不同的也须证明此主张。当有此合理依据时，行为人应各自承担责任，即，每一行为人只承担与其所造成的损害相应的责任。Art 9:102 Relation between persons subject to solidary liability第九条：102连带责任人之间的关系(1)A person subject to solidary liability may recover a contribution from any other person liable to the victim in respect of the same damage. This right is without prejudice to any contract between them determining the allocation of the loss or to any statutory provision or to any right to recover by reason of subrogation cessio legis or on the basis of unjust enrichment.(1)连带责任人承担损害赔偿责任后，有权要求其他连带责任人偿付他应当负担的份额。此追偿权不影响当事人之间决定损失分配的合同或法律规定或代位求偿权（法定让与)或不当得利。(2)Subject to paragraph (3)of this Article, the amount of the contribution shall be what is considered just in the light of the relative responsibility for the damage of the persons liable, having regard to their respective degrees of fault and to any other matters which are relevant to establish or reduce their liability. A contribution may amount to full indemnification. If it is not possible to determine the relative responsibility of the persons liable they are to be treated as equally responsible.(2)根据本条第(3)款，合理的责任份额应考虑到责任人的相对损害责任，各自过错程度和其他与确立或减少其责任有关的事项。赔偿责任份额可以是全额赔偿。若无法确定责任人的相对责任份额，责任人应被视为负同等责任。(3)Where a person is liable for damage done by an auxiliary under Article 9:101 he is to