外文翻译--有效时间管理可以提高性能.docx

外文文献翻译部分原文：Effective time management for improved performanceLyndon Jones is Founder Chairperson of the Association of BusinessExecutives, New Malden, UK. Penny Hood is Director of International Partnerships, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK.AbstractPurpose The paper aims to consider how effective time management can lead to improved personal and organisational performance.Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on the collective experience of the authors. The relationship between culture and chronicity is explained with reference to working styles. It deals with thenotion of time and time span with regard to new technologies, and how these may impact on concentration, face-to-face communication and styles of learning. It discusses the importance of effective systems and task management, along with decision making. Finally, the paper addresses time issues pertaining to e-mail.Findings The paper finds that the nature of information has changed from face-to-face to staring at computer screens. Research shows that over one-quarter of recipients of e-mails misunderstood the communication, even where those interacting are close colleagues, while research at three US business schools found that colleagues were more likely to be dishonest with one another when using e-mail because of the lack of face-to-face interaction. Studies have also shown that business teams co-operate less if they have not talked face-to-face.Originality/value The paper will be of relevance to all those working under time constraints in various cultural settings.Keywords Time-based management, Culture, Communication, Electronic mailPaper type ViewpointTime has long been viewed as important. In Greek mythology, Chronus or Khronos (the god of time) emerged, self-formed at the beginning of creation.Today, there is a multiplicity of concepts we can apply to time. There is Confucianism, fatalism, reincarnation, the work ethic,Weltschmertz, and so on. Concepts of time and space are strikingly different. As regards time, the Western Hemisphere we are mostly monochronic. Time is scarce. We prefer to do one thing at a time and concentrate on it.In the East, for many people time is polychronic. In the West time is linear, whereas in Eastern cultures, time is cyclic when God made time he made plenty of it.Great care has to be taken over time orientation, for failure to do so can produce culture clashes. Time orientation is: The degree to which people feel they can control their time. The relative importance society places on relationships versus keeping schedules. Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality. Comfort level with short-range versus longer-range planning. The appropriateness of assigning set times at which social functions or business meetings will start and finish. In some countries this can be complicated and compounded by other cultural values, such as investing in relationships and the need for harmony and hierarchy.Yet, irrespective of the culture we are from and how time is viewed, the importance of effective time management cannot be underestimated. Today, however, the focus must cease to be on what may be called the box-ticking approach; we have to drill deeper to manage it more effectively.Because of todays data deluge our attention is being chopped into shorter intervals.With some people e-mailing, texting and talking simultaneously, continual partial attention has become commonplace. Yet recent research suggests multi-tasking usually makes one less efficient because the brain is less adept at memorising bits of information.At the same time, much of what people are exposed to is superficial. In turn, this raises the question, what is the impact on our brains?. Does the e-mail bombardment adversely affect our ability to think at a deeper level? Is this volume of communication at the expense of intelligent thought?Currently, the jury is out on whether the web will change how we think? For example, neuroscientist, Joshua Greene of Harvard argues that the Internet hasnt changed the way we think, it has provided us with unprecedented access to information, but it hasnt changed what we do with it. Similarly, cognitive psychologist, Steven Pinker, also of Harvard is sceptical. On the other hand, Howard Rheingold, a communications scholar believes that the internet fosters shallowness, credulity, distraction, whilst Evgeny Morogov, an expert on the internet and politics argues that our lives are increasingly lived in the present, completely detached even from the most recent of the past. Our ability to look back andengage with the past is one unfortunate victim.One result of the ubiquity of information is that we are less likely to pursue new lines of thought before turning to the internet. In turn, there is less sustained thought.Information overload can stifle effective decision making. So, one should aim to keep in ones head the information that impacts on ones goals, and it is essential to have an action plan to achieve them.Our short-term memory cannot deal with more than five to nine things at the same time.Hence, it is no wonder that things get forgotten. Shifting from one task to another complicates matters by knocking out what information we had in our short-term memories.So, we need to get things out of our brains as fast as possible.This can be achieved in a variety of ways, many of which are very simple, and very effective.For example, one can carry small cards in ones left-hand jacket pocket. For things which are important and require action, make a note on a card and then transfer it to ones right-hand pocket. At the end of the day, check the cards in the right hand pocket to ensure that all the must-do things have been done.Ideally, organisational systems that help us to focus on what is important are needed. To help, systems should be streamlined. Some sagacious advice is offered by Douglas Merrill, former CEO at Google. By way of example, he suggests combining reading financial statements for a period of time, and following that with back-to-back meetings on related financial matters. The aim is to avoid having to download all the details about a specific problem from your mind and reload a different set of data. Also, try to clear your mind between tasks go for a walk, practice yoga and so on.As regards last years financial crisis, why did so many leaders, intelligent people, make so many decisions which later were seen to be so obviously wrong? In the case of the bankers, many would answer that the reason was greed. Was it really so simple? Was a more important failure, cognitive? There is an ever-growing understanding of how our brain works.One view is that to make good decisions you must think twice. This, however, is somethingour minds would rather not do.Nor are our brains good at making decisions. Too often we make choices based on fear of losing, rather than hope of gaining something. In a recent study of 1,000 executives, half said that they relied on intuition to make decisions. Fine, but intuition only works well in stable environments where conditions remain largely unchanged, where feedback is clear and where cause-and-effect relationships are linear. Hence, according to cutting edge psychologists such as Nobel prizewinner, Daniel Kahneman, there are two systems of decision making. The first is experiential which is fast and automatic. This would be seen as commendable to many experts on time management. There is, however, a downside, namely that it is difficult to control. The second is analytical, which is slow, serial and takes effort. So we should recognise the limits of intention and seek to train our gut to produce more reliable responses.Having been alerted to the possible need to think twice, the decision as to what to do is yours. But, do not procrastinate. In this world you can only cross a wide river in one leap; so there are circumstances in hich you have to take your courage in both hands and make decisions.At the same time what has also changed is the nature of information.We used to study faces; today, we stare at computer screens. We used to watch expressions, physical gestures and listen to nuances in the voice. Research shows that over one-quarter of recipients of e-mails misunderstood the communication, even where those interacting are close colleagues, while research at three US business schools found that colleagues were more likely to be dishonest with one another when using e-mail because of the lack of face-to-face interaction.Studies have also shown that business teams co-operate less if they have not talked face-to-face.Additionally, with e-mail, a discussion between a few people can quickly fill the participants in boxes with a Niagra of messages. Similarly, collaborating on a document via e-mail can be problematical, as different versions start to circulate which must then be reconciled. One way to deal with this is when you open your e-mail, do it standing next to the shredder.中文翻译：有效时间管理可以提高性能摘要目的 - 本文的目的是考虑如何有效的时间管理能够提高个人和组织绩效。设计/方法/方式 - 纸吸取了作者的集体经验。文化与慢性关系解释参照作风。它涉及的时间和时间跨度方面的新技术概念，以及如何将这些可能会影响浓度，面对面沟通和学习方式。它讨论了有效的制度和任务管理，以及决策的重要性。最后，文件涉及的时间有关的问题，电子邮件。发现 - 文章发现信息的性质已经从面对面改为盯着电脑屏幕。研究显示，超过一季度的电子收件人的邮件误解的沟通，即使是亲密的同事的互动，而在美国商学院的三个研究发现，同事们更可能是彼此不诚实使用电子邮件，因为对面对面缺乏互动。研究还表明，业务团队合作，那么，如果他们还没有谈到面对面。创作/值 - 该文件将关系到所有这些工作在不同的文化背景下的时间限制。关键词-基于时间的管理，文化，通讯，电子邮箱纸张类型观时间一直被看作是重要的。在希腊话中，Chronus或Khronos的（即时间之神）出现，自形成于创立之初。今天，有一个多样性的概念，我们可以适用于时间。那就是儒教，宿命论，轮回说，工作伦理，Weltschmertz，等等。时间和空间的概念有显著的不同。至于时间，我们大多使用西半球单一时间。时间是有限的。我们喜欢集中精力一次做一件事情。在东方，对许多人来说时间是多元化的。在西方时间是线性的，而在东方文化中，时间是循环的，上帝创造时间并丰富了它。更多的关注要放在时间的把握上，如果未能这样做可能产生文化冲突。时间取向是：使人们感到他们可以控制自己时间的程度。相对重要的是与社会的关系保持时间表的地方。态度计时和准时。舒适水平的短程与长程规划。在设定的时间分配合适的社会作用或企业会议将开始并且完成。在某些国家这可以是复杂的其他文化价值观，如投资关系，为和谐和层次的需要。然而，无论我们的文化，以及如何从时间来看，有效的时间管理的重要性不容低估。然而，今天的重点必须停止在什么可称为“箱滴答”的方法，我们必须钻更深更有效地管理它。由于今日的海量数据我们注意的是被切成更短的间隔。一些人电子邮件，短信和会说话的同时，不断局部的关注已经成为司空见惯。然而，最近的研究表明，多任务处理效率较低，通常让人因为大脑记忆是低于善于比特的信息。在同一时间，什么人都接触不少是肤浅的。反过来，这就提出了一个问题，什么是对我们的大脑的影响？。请问电子邮件轰炸造成不利影响我们的思考能力，在更深的层次？这种通信是在牺牲体积的深思熟虑？目前，陪审团是出在网络上是否会改变我们如何思考？例如，神经科学家约书亚格林认为，美国哈佛大学“互联网并没有改变我们的思维方式，它提供了前所未有的访问资料，但它并没有改变什么，我们用它做”。同样，认知心理学家史蒂芬平克，哈佛大学也持怀疑态度。另一方面，霍华德莱茵的黄金，通信学者认为，互联网促进“浅薄，轻信，分心”，而叶夫根Morogov，在互联网上和政治专家认为，“我们的生活越来越多地在目前的生活，完全脱离即使从最近期的过去。我们有能力和参与回首过去，是一个不幸的受害者”。一个无处不在的信息的结果是，我们不太可能去追求，然后转向互联网新的思想路线。反过来，有较少被承受的想法。过量的信息会阻碍有效的决策。所以，一个目标应该是保持一个人的脑袋上的信息，影响一个人的目标，是必须有一个行动计划，以实现这些目标。我们的短期记忆无法处理超过五至九年在同一时间的事情。因此，它是没有