人文知识语言学部分.doc

人文知识语言学部分我们对英语专业八级考试大纲以及近三年真题进行过认真地研究，并对人文知识的十个题目的知识考点分布做过仔细分析。结果发现对语言学知识的考查一般占了其中的3小题。通过分析把对语言学知识的考查重点归纳为以下几类：第一种：对知名的语言学家及其基本理论的重点考查。1. The speech act theory was first put forward by_.（2005年真题第40题）A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky D. M.A.K. Halliday此题考点是对于言语行为理论的创立者的了解。John Austin在1969年首先提出了“言语行为理论”，其他人如 John Searle等都是在Austin之后才提出或者进一步阐述该理论的。Noam Chomsky 创立的是转换生成语法，即TG Grammar，而M.A.K. Halliday创立的是系统功能语法，即Systemic-functional Grammar。因此可知此题应选答案B。2. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _.（2006年真题第40题）A. Halliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure此题考点是哪位语言学家指出了parole（言语） 和langue（语言）的区别。Saussure是现代语言学的奠基人之一，他的学说源于langue和parole活动的异质性。Halliday则是系统功能语法的创始人。Chomsky是转换生成语法的创始人，而Bloomfield是结构主义的创始人。所以答案应选D。第二种：重点考查对一些重要原理的基本应用。1. The word “ kid, child, offspring” are examples of _.（2006年真题第39题）A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms此题考查的重点是对于近义词各种分类的理解和应用。题中kid一般用于非正式问题，child用于一般问题，用途广泛，而offspring则一般在正式文体中出现，因此答案应选B（文体性近义词）。2. The word tail once referred to “ the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example of _.（2007年真题第40题）A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning此题的考查重点是如何通过实例更好理解各种词义变化。此题里面the tail of a horse （马的尾巴）转变成the tail of any animal（任何动物的尾巴）是词义扩大的一个例子。第三种：重点考查对主要语言学理论概念的掌握和理解1. Syntax is the study of _.（2005年真题第38题）A. language functions. B. sentence structures C. textual organization. D. word formation此题重点考查对于句法学这一理论概念的理解。Syntax，即句法学，研究的是句子结构的规则，因此选B。2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? （2005年真题第39题）A. Arbitrariness. B. Productivity. C. Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness.此题重点考查语言学中作为人类语言的主要特征。选项中除了finiteness局限性外，其他几项：Arbitrariness任意性， Productivity多产性，和Cultural transmission文化传输性在语言学概论部分都提到了，都是属于人类语言的主要特征。因此答案选D。3.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _.（2006年真题第38题）A. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context此题考查的重点是semantics（语义学）和pragmatics（语用学）之间区别。两者的区别就在于语义学研究的是句子和语言本身的意义，而语用学研究的是在一定交际环境（context）下的话语的意义。因此答案选择D。4. _refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. （2007年真题第38题）A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics此题考查的重点是对语言学几个主要概念的理解。其中只有Morphology研究的是单词的内部结构及其形成的规则。Phonology音位学则主要研究人类语言中言语语音组合的方式、模式及变化。Semantics语义学研究的是句子和语言本身的意义，而Sociolinguistics研究的是语言和社会的关系，以及语言使用者所在的社会结构于语言的使用之间的关系。因此答案选择B。5. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be the following EXCEPT _.（2007年真题第39题）A. lexical B. syntactic C. phonological D. psycholinguistic此题考查的是对于任意一种言语的特点的了解。一种言语的特点可以是词汇方面、句法方面和音系方面，但不能是心理方面的。因此答案选D。根据以上对于近3年来八级真题中对语言学知识方面考试的内容归纳可以看出，考生必须了解和掌握的都是非常基本的一些语言学概念及其应用。一般来说，对语言学方面的知识考查大体上包含这几部分：语言和语言学（Language and Linguistics ），语音学（Phonetics），音位学（Phonology）， 形态学（Morphology），句法学（Syntax），语义学（Semantics），语用学（Pragmatics），词义演变（Semantic Change），语言与社会（Language and Society）。下面是将根据语言学知识考查的主要几个章节，简明扼要地概括考生需要了解和掌握的基本语言学知识点。1语言和语言学（Language and Linguistics ）1） design features（普遍特征）: arbitrariness（任意性）, duality（二重性）, creativity（多产性）, displacement（移位性）， interchangibility（可交替性）， cultural transmission（文化传输性）。2）prescriptive and descriptive（规定性和描述性研究）；synchronic and dichronic（共时与历时研究）3）competence and perfomance（语言能力与应用）4）langue and parole （语言与言语）2语音学（Phonetics）1）speech organ (发音器官); 2）consonant（辅音）： place of articulation and manners of articualtion（发音部位和发音方式），清浊特征（voicing）；3）元音(vowel)3音位学（Phonology）1）音位（phoneme）；音位变体（allophone）； 2）minimal pair（最小语音对）；4）互补性分配（complementary distribution）；5）free variation（自由变体）；6）超音段特征（suprasegmental features）。4形态学（Morphology）1）morpheme （词素）：free and bound morpheme（自由与黏着词素）；allomorph（词素变体）；2） word-formation（构词法）：compound（合成法），affixation（词缀法），conversion（转类法），blending（混合法），abbreviation（缩略法），backformation（逆构法）。5句法学（Syntax）1） Grammatical categories（语法范畴）；2）IC analysis（直接成分分析法）；3）agreement and government（一致关系和支配关系）；4）TG grammar（转换生成语法）；5）systemic- functional grammar（系统功能语法）。6语义学（Semantics）1）Leechs seven types of meaning（利奇的七种意义）；2）semantic triangle（语义三角）；3）synonymy（同义关系）；4）antonymy（反义关系）；5）hyponymy（上下义关系）；6）polysemy（一词多义）；7）homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）。7语用学（Pragmatics）1）Context（语境）；2）Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）：a. John Austin: Locutionary act（言内行为）, Illocutionary act（言外行为） and Perlocutionary act（言后行为）； indrect speech act b. John Searle: representatives（阐述类）； directives（指令类）； commissives （承诺类）；expressives（表达类）； declarations（宣告类）3）Cooperative Principle（合作原则）：Quality（质量）, Quantity（数量）, Relation （关系）and Manner （方式）Maxim准则； conversational implicature（言外之意）； conversational implicature 8词义演变（Semantic Change）1）widening of meaning/generalization（词义扩大）； 2）narrowing of meaning/specializaiton（词义缩小）； 3）meaning shift（词义转移）：degradation （词义降格）and elevation（词义升格） 。9语言与社会（Language and Society）1）Speech conmunity（语言团体）；2）speech variety（语言变体）；3）dialect（方言）；4）sociolect（社会方言）；5）idiolect（个人语言）；6）register（语域）；7）pidgin（洋泾浜语）；8）creole（混合语）；9）bilingualism（双语现象）；10）diglossia（双言制）最后，根据以上几个章节的内容，分别有以下配套的练习以帮助巩固这些语言学基本理论的了解和掌握。练习Chapter 1 语言和语言学（Language and Linguistics ）1. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. Performance C. langue D. Language 2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _.A. general linguistics B. SociolinguisticsC. psycholinguistics D. applied linguistics5. The description of a language at some point in time is a study_A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descriptive D. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practical problems, the study of such applications is known as _.A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguisticsC. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isnt a major branch of linguistics?A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be _.A. prescriptive B. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeares play “Romeo and Juliet” A rose by any other name would smell as sweet well illustrates _. A. the conventional nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language D. the big difference between human language and animal communication10.Chomsky uses the term _ to refer to the actual realization of a language users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langue B. competenceC. parole D. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal users internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it? is_ . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative14. What is the most important function of language? A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is _.A. performative B. emotive C. informative D. phatic 16. Saussure took a(n) _ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. appliedpragmatic D. semanticlinguistic17. The study of _ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semantics B. pragmatics C. computer- linguistics D. phonology18. _ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”.A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Halliday D. Whorf 19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bang B. headache C. rose D. impolite 20._ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semantics B. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semantics D. Morphology and phonology21. The term _ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic D. comparative C. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that _. A. language is arbitrary B. language is used for communication C. language is basically vocal D. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics. A. Morphology B. sociolinguistics C. psycholinguistics D. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _. A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. the Prague School 25. What are the dual structures of language? A. sounds and letters B. sounds and meanings C. letters and meaning D. sounds and symbolsKey to Chapter 115 CBAAB 610 CDCAD 1115ACBCB 1620 ACBCB 2125 BCABBChapter 2 语音学（Phonetics）1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonant2. _ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. z B. d C. k D. b 3. The sound f is _.A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. back B. central C. front D. middle5. Liquids are classified in the light of _.A. manners of articulation B. place of articulation C. place of tongue D. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _.A. l B.h C. k D. f7. The difference between u and u: us caused by _.A. the openness of the mouth B. the shape of the lips C. the length of the vowels D. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the _ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT _.A. a:B. u:C. D. u10. _ is the study of all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.A. Morphology B. Phonetics C. Phonology D. Syntax 11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A.i B.w C.e D.u 12. p is different from k in _.A. the manner of articulation B. the shape of lips C. the vibration of the vocal cord D. the place of articulation 13.In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _.A. palatal B. alveolarC. bilabial D. dental14. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_.A. the velum B. the vocal cords C. the glottis D. the uvula15. e is different from a in _. A. the shape of the lips B. the height of the tongue C. the part of the tongue that is raised D. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords? A. In the mouth B. In the nasal cavity C. Above the tongue D. Inside the larynx 17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities? A. the pharynx B. the nasal cavity C. the larynx D. the oral cavity18. “The Adams Apple” is _. A. a kind of apple B. related to Adam C. the front part of larynx D. on the top of larynx 19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels? A. Vowels are sonorant. B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. Vowels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial? A. b B. m C. n D.pKey to Chapter 215 ABDCA 610 BCCCB 1115 DDBBB 1620 DCCDCChapter 3 音位学（Phonology）1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _.A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features3. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. English B. Chinese C. French D. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include_, length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 7. _ studies the sound system in a certain language. A. Phonetics B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Phonology 8. _ are used to find the phonemes of a language. A. Minimal pairs B. Free variation C. Constrastive distribution D. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic environment, then they are _. A. two separate phonemes B. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phoneme D. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature? A. Aspiration B. Intonation C. Stress D. Tone 11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. pho B.no C.lo D.gy 12. Of the following sound combinations, only _ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair? A. but pub B. wet which C. pin-pen D. fail- find 14. _ is an indispensable part of a syllable. A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentence are _. A. Nouns B. Verbs C. Adverbs D. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair? A. cat / bat B. put / but C. jig / pig D. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are _ of the same phoneme. A. symbols B. allophones C. phones D. signs 18. In the production of a consonants at least _ articulators are involved. A. two B. one C. three D. four 19. _ involve more than one manners of articulation. A. Stops B. Fricatives C. Affricates D. Laterals 20. Voiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are _. A. closed B. apart C. totally closed D. completely openKey to Chapter 315 ACDDB 610 DD ABA 1115 BACDD 1620 BBACBChapter 4 形态学（Morphology）1. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme2. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 3. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root 4. The word “simplifications” has _ morphemes in it. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_ .A. bound morphemes B. affixesC. free morphemes D. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. book B. boyish C. bet D. child 7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)_. A. blended word B. abbreviated word C. compound word D. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others? A. ful B.-ly C.-ed D. -ity 9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A. gas station B. town-planning C. headache D. medicare 10. The word “fridge” is formed through_. A. compounding B. blending C. clipping D. back formation 11. Which of the following is a typical