校考试卷-现代语言学.doc

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. 1. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and_C_, which is our linguistic performance.( )A. creation B. communication C. comprehension D. perception2. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _A_,respectively. ( )A. affricates B. stops C. velars D. palatals3. Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _D_ morphemes. ( )A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional4. XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, _D_and complement. ( )A. modifier B. determiner C. qualifier D. specifier5. _C_ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.( )A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referent C. Sense, reference D. Referent, sense6. According to John Austins theory of speech act, a(n) _C_ act is the act of expressing the speakers intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment_C_. ( )A. in word-initial B. in word-middle C. in word-final D. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as_D_.( )A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, _A_is responsible for physical articulation of utterances.( ) A. the motor area B. Brocas area C. Wernickes area D. the angular gyrus10. The language at _C_ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword11. The purpose of Chomskys definition is to focus attention on the purely _D_ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural12. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as _D_.A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds13. A(n) _B_ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme14. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _B_ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic15. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) _A_ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （ ）A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate16. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: Im in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of _C_.（ ）A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner17. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called _A_, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating18. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently _C_ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusual C. pejorative D. commendatory19. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human _A_. （ ）A. brain B. vocal cords C. tongue D. articulatory organs20. In the _D_ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （ ）A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 1. Arbitrariness is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.2. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as acoustic phonetics.3. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against overgeneralization in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.4. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and parameters of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.5. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their emotive/evaluative meaning.6. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational implicatures .7. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule elaboration occurs.8. A pidgin is a marginal language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.9. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1ateralization .10. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to childrens development of their first language.11. Diachronic linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are sequential rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of internalized linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called relational opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So double-negation rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes creolized .19. The critical age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learners goal is functional , and integrative motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. 1. ( T ) “Theres a motorcycle coming is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.2. ( F )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashesfor phonetic segments and square brackets for phonemic segments3. ( F )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word4. ( T )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function5. ( T )The word “flower” and “flour”, which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones6. ( T )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.7. ( F )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shiftedThe word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo, “ Im too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too muchShe means “I am too foolish.” These are two examples of semantic broadening8. ( T ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of languageSpeakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.9. ( T )Generally speaking, the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body10. ( F )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of “the younger the better”11.（ F ）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.12. （ F ）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.13.（ F ）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.14.（ T ）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.15.（ F ）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.16.（ F ）According to Austins classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.17.（ T ）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced ks, but the word asking is pronounced skI. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.18.（ F ）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.19.（ F ）Language is the only means of expressing thought.20.（ T ）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. 1. displacement Displacement is one of the design features of language, which means that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Thus we talk about things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place. But animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of the situation.2. voicing Voiceing is a feature of all vowels and some consonants, which means that such speech sounds are produced with the virbration of the vocal cords, such as u: b and d.3. morpheme Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language in word-formation, for example, book, good,-ed, pre- are all morphemes because they are not further analyzable. Morphemes can be divided into free morphemes and bound morphemes.4. finite clauseA finite clause is a clause that takes a subject and finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone, such as “I came” and “He was standing”. The central element in a finite clause is the finite verb.5. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analy word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word “man” is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, + MALE.6. declarationsDeclarations refers to one of the five speech acts proposed by John Searle which has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. For example ,”Inow declare the meeting open”.7. epenthesisEpenthesis refers to sound change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word. For example, glimse glimpse; spinle spindle.8. speech varietySpeech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features. Speech varieties, or dialects, are mainly classified into regional dialects, sociolects or social dialects and registers.9. linguistic relativismLingustic relativism is one version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, in which Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background. For example, English speakers have one word for many kins of snow, in contrast to the Eskimo language, where there are different words for snow, such as words for falling snow, snow on the ground and slushy snow.10.the nativist view of language acquisitionThe nativist view of language acquisition, also called the biological view of language acquisition, means that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. That is to say, language acquisition is a generally determined capacity that all humans are endowed with.11. descriptive linguisticsDescriptive linguistics refers to the linguistic stuty which aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use in communication. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.12. diphthongDiphthong is a vowel which is produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. For example, the diphthong au in house, whose articulation changes from relatively open to relatively close and back. In English, the diphthongs include ei ai u au i i u.13. morphological rulesMorphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can added to what type of stem to form a new word. For example, the suffix “ly” can be added to an adjective to form its corresponding adverb, e.g. happy + -ly happily, notable + -ly notably.14. case conditionCase condition is one of the principles of Universal Grammar, which states that a Case assignor and a Case receipient should stay adjacent to each other. This condition explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object, such as the ungrammatical sentence * John read quickly the book.15. collocational synonymsCollocational synonyms are words with the same meaning, but different in their collocation, i.e. in the words they go together with. For example, accuse, charge, rebuke are collocational synonyms when they are followed by different preposition in accuse of, charge with, rebuke for.16. declarationsDeclarations are one of the five general types of things we do with language. They have the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality, e.g. I now declare the meeting open.17. Grimms LawGrimms Law refers to the regular sound correspondence among Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, and the Germanic languages. For example, a sound correspondence pattern between Latin and Engliah is where Latin had the /p/ sound, English often had the /f/ sound; where Latin had the /t/ sound, English often had the /sound; where Latin had the /k/ sound, English often had the /h/ sound.18. registersRegisters are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that rea