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写作 如果 造句

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一、 造句的原则 1. 完整 一个完整的英语句子通常必须具备两个基本条件：（1）表示一个完整的意思；（2）至少包括主语和谓语两个部分（祈使句除外）。如果将句子的某一部分（短语或从句）当作完整的句子一个完整的句子，如将从句、同位语、短语当作句子，或者将现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式当作谓语，或者句中缺少主语或谓语就会导致非完整句。句子是表达完整意义的结构形式，它有独立的结构，而不依附于其他成分，除非有特别的语境。 例： 不完整：While they always try to avoid 4 for its connection with death in pronunciation. 完整：However, they always try to avoid 4 for its connection with death in pronunciation. 不完整：How to write a composition. 　　完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about. 　　不完整：If the weather was fine. 　　完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time. 2. 统一 句子的统一指的是一个句子只表示一个完整的中心思想，它不包含与此中心思想无关的部分。而且，句子的各部分之间的关系必须是清楚而又复合逻辑的。 例如：Different people have different addiction to(preferences for) books. They read different books just to meet their different needs. Because different people have different meets to read the different kinds of books. From this we can also see that different people have different intentions and notions. So they choose the different things to meet their needs in every facet in life. 参考答案; Different people have different preferences for books. Different people read the different kinds of books, because different people have different intentions and notions just as they choose the different things to meet their needs in every facet in life. 3. 连贯 句子的连贯指的是句子中各成分之间的关系明白清楚，富有条理性。句子的不连贯表现为句子结构不平行，指代模糊，时态、语态、人称和数混乱等方面。 原句：Not so many years ago in this city, one of the rivers was so polluted that there is no living fish in it. 改进：Not so many years ago in this city, one of the rivers was so polluted that there was no living fish in it. 原句：We know that violent crime is increasing, and you also know many incidents go unreported. 改进：We know that violent crime is increasing, and we also know many incidents go unreported. 原句：Both of the puppies is cute in their own ways. 改进：Both of the puppies are cute in their own ways. 4. 简洁 英语造句时，不应使用不必要的词。只要意思得到完全表达，那么所用的词应该时越少越好。 原句：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, and some cities are being polluted. 　　改进：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, some being polluted. 原句: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby. 改进：Collecting stamps is her hobby. 　　原句：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much. 改进: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much. 5. 多样 句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。英语短文的写作要重视句型的不同变化。使用不同的句型，可以使文章更生动、更富有生气。 例如： 　　简单句型的转换： 　　原句：Seattle is a garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world. 　　变化1.A garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world, is Seattle. 　　变化2. Seattle, a garden city, has one of the most delightful climates in the world. 　　原句：She knew English very well. 　　变化1.She had a good command of English. 　　变化2.She had a good knowledge of English. 　　复杂句型的转换 　　原句: They struggled forward. They were exhausted. Their steps were dragging, They had to push on. 　　变化: Exhausted, they struggled forward, their steps dragging, but they had to push on. 　　原句: Nothing here indicates where this information came from. 变化：There is no indication here where this information came from. 二、句式的变化的方法 在写作中，我们提倡简炼，但不是说都用简单句。简单句用得太多，造成简单句的堆彻实际上是语言技巧不成熟、不老练，甚至语言水平低下的表现。在阅卷人员看来，同样的意思内容，一个考生能够运用比较复杂的句子结构来表达，其语言水平当然要比只会用简单句来表达的考生的语言水平高出一截，就是有点错也不妨碍他比后者取得较高的分数，因为他的难度系数要高。在某种意义上来说，在词数相同的作文中，语言水平越高，语言技巧越熟练，句子的数目也就越少。这就意味着句子长了，句子结构复杂了。 当然，我们反对过多地使用简单句，并不是鼓励学生去刻意追求长句、复杂句。我们追求的是句子结构的多变。一篇文章能根据表达的内容使用不同的句子结构，会产生较好的艺术效果。以下是我们经常使用的一些手段： 1. 长短句结合 长句含有许多修饰语，适合表达准确而复杂的思想，解释观点或理论，描写细致的事物；短句语气较重，适合陈述重要的事实和想法。简单句与含有衔接词的复杂句交替使用，可以使整个段落生动、丰富、富有节奏感，并产生鲜明的对比效果。例如： 原文：When I turned right on the corner, a motorbike knocked into a small car. The motorbike was red. There were two persons on the motorbike. The car was yellow. The motorbike fell down. The two persons on the motorbike were slightly injured. The (car) driver came out of the car at once, and asked about the two persons. As soon as I saw that, I made a telephone call to 110.The traffic police arrived in a short time. 在这段描述中，作者使用了许多简单句。前后不够连贯，没有使用衔接词连接，给人以唐突的感觉，这段话可以这样改动： When I turned right on the corner, a red motorbike with two persons knocked into a small yellow car. Immediately, the motorbike fell down, and the two persons on the motorbike were slightly injured. At that time, the car driver came out of the car, and asked about the two persons. Seeing this, I dialed 110. In a short time, the traffic police arrived. 改动后的句子使用了三个长句、两个短句，有效地压缩了信息，使有限的空间容纳更多的内容，使之简练，增强了表现力。 原文：I love fast cars. I want to drive every one of them. Speed is my life. It’s what I do best. 在这段话中，四句简单句没有有效地衔接，不能使人分清其中的逻辑联系，试改动： I love fast cars. Even I want to drive every one of them because speed is my life and driving is what I do best. 改动后的句子使用了一个短句和一个长句。第一句起概括的作用，第二句则解释说明。使人能够分清主次，印象深刻。 2. 松散句与圆周句 松散句将主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，将主要信息放在前面; 圆周句则将最重要的意思放到最后面，并且直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整。松散句简单、明白、自然和直接，适于自然有序的陈述情况、表达想法；圆周句复杂、郑重、文雅，容易形成意思上的高潮。例如： It is obvious that two drivers were driving too fast. It seems that they are never content with their present positions. Therefore, it is better to adopt proper methods to different subjects. More and more students want to be dependent from their parent by doing part-time jobs to pay their college education Have you ever met some occasions on which you should not hesitate to refuse when asked for help in your daily life? However, the percentage of private and public ownership of houses has been changed a lot in the recent five years 3. 倒装句 出于修辞的考虑，将句子成分前后倒置，这种现象叫倒装。倒装句可以强调、突出被倒装的部分，达到较强的修辞效果，给读者留下深刻的印象。例如： Only in this way can you succeed in the end. Only in this way can we put an end to piracy and create a healthy environment for both customers and producers. Only by making good use of the Internet can we make a difference in our life. 4. 平行结构 英语中有许多句子使用相同的语法结构，由两个或多个并列连词连接，并在结构、词性、时态、数等方面保持一致，这就是平行结构。经常出现的连词有：both…and…, neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also…, rather than, nor, or, and, but, while, whereas, yet, as well as等。恰当的使用句子平行结构可以使句式丰富，增强表达力，而且琅琅上口，富于音乐的美感。例如： I like reading poetry because poetry can make me calm, pleased, and comforted. In contrast, science books are usually serious, dull and difficult. This phenomenon, in my opinion, has not only upgraded the quality and standard of life of people, but also improved the value of consumption of our modern society. 练习： 原文：With the cold climate and vegetation is scarce, firewood is a valuable resource. 修改：With the cold climate and scarce vegetation, firewood is a valuable resource. 原文：I have a very extensive range of responsibilities, including experienced with Windows, skilled with applying software, and competence in written English. 修改：I have a very extensive range of responsibilities, experienced with Windows, skilled with applying software, and competent in written English. 原文：Many people get up early to jog along country lanes, to observe the wonder of nature, or just watching the sun rise. 修改：Many people get up early to jog along country lanes, to observe the wonder of nature, or just to watch the sun rise. 原文：The cellphone has the functions of communication and information, and it is entertaining. 修改：The cellphone has the functions of communication，information and entertainment. 5. 主动语态与被动语态 在主动句中，主语是动作或行为的执行者；而在被动句中，主语是动作或行为的支配对象。我们通常使用主动句，但是由于在被动句中不出现动作或行为的执行者，在陈述事实时使用被动句会产生客观、公正的效果，并使句子简洁、顺畅。 例如： I was to be thrown into school for the first time. I did not know what to say. The gate was now closed. Some of the children burst into tears. The bell rang. A lady came along, followed by a group of men. The men began dividing us into ranks. We were formed into an intricate pattern (we are made to stand in different places to form regular lines or shapes and I’m quite puzzled in what way) in the great courtyard surrounded by high buildings; from each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood. We played all sorts of games. In the music room we sang our first songs. We also had our first introduction to language. We say a globe of the Earth, which revolved and showed the various continents and countries. We started learning numbers, and we were told the story of the Creator of the universe. We ate delicious food, took a little nap, and woke up to go on with friendship and love, playing and learning. 6. 非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。使用非谓语动词可以在有限的空间内容纳更多的信息，使句子结构紧凑、逻辑严谨。 Considering all these, I believe that I should return his great love with my achievements. On the one hand. Concerning the position of president of the students’ union, I feel qualified to take the job. Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be the president of the students’ union. It is really the time to deal with the problem. Then I went back to the bookstore, asking for an exchange. After my repeating several times, he reluctantly went away, trying to get a new one for me. On hearing it, I became annoyed and told him what I wanted then was a refund. To begin with, given the fierce competition, you’d better make more efforts than necessary to prepare for the College Entrance Examinations, especially mathematics and English. 7. 介词短语 由于介词短语具有动词的特征，使用介词短语同样可以增强文章的表现力，突出不同动词的重要性，适合表达抽象的含义。例如; The big sum of money (RMB200, 000) for such an operation is obviously beyond what her family can afford. I’m writing in reply to give you some suggestion on your would-be major. In their opinions, different books are of different uses. In short, taking CET-6 is good to both my study and my personal development. 练习：请改写下面段落，使之句式多样化。 原文：Nowadays, many people think that college students should take a part-time job for several advantages. It gives the students a chance to know the society to learn to be independent. They can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice. It is helpful to their growth. They can put what they have learned into practice, and know their strong and weak points. They can improve their study and personality. It is beneficial in their later life. 答案：Nowadays, many people think that college students should take a part-time job for several advantages. For one thing, it gives the students a chance to know the society to learn to be independent. For another, they can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice, which is helpful to their growth. What’s more, they can put what they have learned into practice, and know their strong and weak points so that they can improve their study and personality, which is beneficial in their later life. 练习：请根据提示写出正确的句子。 Some people believe that lucky numbers bring good luck. In China, out of the ten numerals from zero to nine, 3, 6, 8, and 9 are considered to be the lucky ones. ________1___________(它们可以直接翻译靠山、成功、财富和长寿。) Those who believe in lucky numbers want to be connected with as many as possible in their daily lives. For example, if a person’s phone number is 33668899, he or she is considered to be very lucky, for he or she will have backup, success, fortune and longevity. Other people do not believe in “lucky numbers”. ________2___________（他们认为数字与好运和幸福没有关系。） I agree with the latter. Liuxiang broke a 100-meter dash world record because he had been trained constantly for years. I believe____________3________________（好运属于那些勤奋、执着创造好运的人。）. 1. Directly translated, they mean backup, success, fortune and longevity. 2. They think numbers have nothing to do with good luck or happiness. 3. good luck belongs to those who are diligent and persistent enough to create it 三、 应该注意的问题 a) 主谓、人称、时态的一致 在四、六级作文写作中，同学们经常出现的语法问题就是主谓、人称和数的一致问题。所谓主谓一致指的是英语句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上应保持一致。它可分为三种情况：（1）语法一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词亦采用复数形式。（2）意念一致，即从意义着眼处理主谓一致问题。有时，主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词依据意义而定，也采取复数形式。（3）比邻一致，即“就近原则”也就是说谓语动词的人称和数往往需与其最近的主语保持一致。 练习： 请改正下列句子： 1. Some women are not secretary in the office, instead, they become manager of the company. 2. Misconceptions about apes has turned a relatively peaceful animal into a terrifying monster. 3. The rising cost of necessities like food and shelter force many elderly people to live in poverty. 4. In the distance are a billow of black smoke. 5. Here’s the books you want. 6. Neither the union leaders nor the negotiator want the strike to continue. 7. In eighteenth-century France, makeup and high heels was worn by men. 8. Each of the child’s thirty-four stuffed animals have a name and an entire life history. Key: 1. Some women are not secretaries in the office; instead, they become managers of the company. 2. Misconceptions about the ape have turned a relatively peaceful animal into a terrifying monster. 3. The rising cost of necessities like food and shelter forces many elderly people to live in poverty. 4. In the distance is a billow of black smoke. 5. Here’re the books you want. 6. Neither the union leaders nor the negotiator wants the strike to continue. 7. In eighteenth-century France, makeup and high heels were worn by men. 8. Each of the child’s thirty-four stuffed animals has a name and an entire life history. 人称一致不仅指在一句话中主语应该保持一致，而且在一篇文章中，前后的称谓也应当保存一致，不能出现混乱的情况。 练习： 1. They have the right of discussing with her husband. 2. One serious problem that influence a child’s healthy development is that they do not have enough psychological space. 3. Admittedly, there are merit to both arguments. But I do believe that game do good to children. 4. I often buy clothes on sale because we can save a lot of money that way. 5. Students often focus on vocabulary, but you need to realize that vocabulary is only one part of a language. 6. The committee debated whether to allow its families to attend the dinner. 7. The question that interest us is how we should protect environment from being polluted further. 8. In other words, one’s actions are decided by their mood indirectly. 9.If people have a good mood, he will face everything happened calmly. Key: 1. They have the right of discussing with their husbands. 2. One serious problem that influences a child’s healthy development is that they do not have enough psychological space. 3. Admittedly, there are merits to both arguments. But I do believe that game do good to children. 4. I often buy clothes on sale because I can save a lot of money that way. 5. Students often focus on vocabulary, but they need to realize that vocabulary is only one part of a language. 6. The committee debated whether to allow their families to attend the dinner. 7. The question that interests us is how we should protect environment from being polluted further. 8. In other words, one’s actions are decided by his mood indirectly. 9.If people have a good mood, they will face everything happened calmly. 时态也应该保持一致。 练习： 1. The motorbike was red, and there are two persons on the motorbike. 2. He told me he will be a good tennis player the next year when we met on a train. 3. If I failed to achieve my desire, I will think it comes from a fate beyond my power. 4. However, if the goals are obtained, my endless efforts bring them to me. 5. No one could deny that computers have made our life convenient and make our work efficient. 6. Depending on computer, many problems can be easily solved, which is not possible 20 years ago. Key: 1. The motorbike was red, and there were two persons on the motorbike. 2. He told me he would be a good tennis player the next year when we met on a train. 3. If I failed to achieve my desire, I would think it comes from a fate beyond my power. 4. However, if the goals are obtained, my endless efforts will bring them to me. 5. No one could deny that computers have made our life convenient and made our work efficient. 6. Depending on computer, many problems can be easily solved, which was not possible 20 years ago. b) 指代不清 在使用代词如it, he, she, this, that, which, one等的时候，前面的句子中应该出现明确的先行词。如果指代不清，就会造成意思上的混乱。 练习： 1. The world’s energy demand still continues to rise. How will that ever be possible for us to get through? 2. Peter told Alan that his wife was unhappy 3. Marsha attributed her success to her husband’s support, which was generous. 4. Susan’s mother wondered if she was tall enough to be a model. Key: 1. The world’s energy demand still continues to rise. How will the situation ever be possible for us to get through? 2. Peter told Alan, “Your wife is unhappy.” 3. Marsha attributed her success to her husband’s generous.support. 4. Susan’s mother wondered if Susan was tall enough to be a model. c) 成分残缺 英语的句子虽然结构多样，但是都是由基本的句子结构演化扩展而来。如果句子不符合基本的句子结构的要求，缺少必要成分或者将从句或短语误当作句子，不能表达一个完整的意思。由于英语和汉语的表达方法和习惯不同，成分残缺是中国学生容易出现的问题。 练习： 1.“Is honesty out of date?”many people asked. In my opinion, the answer should be “no”. Because honesty is not a simple social phenomenon, but a kind of humanity which is rooted in our mind. 2. And then there is no need to worry whether you’ll be lost in a strange place, if you have a cellphone. Especially, in some urgent situations. 3. There are other functions about cellphone. For example, time-schedule. 4. First, as we all know that cosmetics always contain complex chemical elements to which many people will be allergic. 5. First of all, cellphone serves as a convenient way of communication. Since it allows you to chat with others on the phone whenever you like. 6. First, people deal with wastes carelessly. They pay little attention to the result of the wastes. Second, the development of industries. 7. In my opinion, the honesty becomes more and more important in recent society. Though the society competition becomes more and more fierce. 8. We can do a lot of things to entertain ourselves in spare time. Like reading, and listening to music. 9. Personally speaking, friendship is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, understanding, empathy, and intimacy. Aspects of life that all of us crave. 10.Thus, could I make a piece of advice to you that reducing the price of food? 11.It will please the eyes and mind of others so that produce an excellent impression 12.There is still something that not so satisfactory. 13.The villain always panicky, while the good always face the reality with a smile. 14.Always, I dream about the childhood which including happiness and sadness. 15.I drove slowly past the old brick house. The place where I grew up. 16.Before I turn on the microwave oven. I have to turn off the overhead light in the kitchen. Otherwise the fuse blows. 17.My mother likes watching daytime television shows. Especially old movies and soap operas. 18.I wonder now why I have to learn certain subjects. Such as geometry. 19.Every other day, Kara runs two miles. Then does fifty sit-ups. She hasn’t lost weight, but she looks slimmer and more muscular. 20.I like all kinds of fresh pizza. But refuse to eat frozen pizza. The sauce is always dried out, and the crust tastes like leather. Key: 1.“Is honesty out of date?”many people asked. In my opinion, the answer should be “no” because honesty is not a simple social phenomenon, but a kind of humanity which is rooted in our mind. 2. And then there is no need to worry whether you’ll be lost in a strange place, if you have a cellphone, especially, in some urgent situations. 3. There are other functions about cellphone, for example, time-schedule. 4. First, we all know that cosmetics always contain complex chemical elements to which many people will be allergic. 5. First of all, cellphone serves as a convenient way of communication, since it allows you to chat with others on the phone whenever you like. 6. First, people deal with wastes carelessly. They pay little attention to the result of the wastes. Second, it is due to the development of industries. 7. In my opinion, the honesty becomes more and mo

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