banked close.doc

第一节 选词填空（Banked Cloze）解题技巧选词填空篇章长度为200250词，考查考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力；要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。一）解题步骤时间分配：7分钟 = 25 18 （18 分钟留给Section B的两篇常规阅读，选词填空题要给出7分钟）第一步：通读全文 (1分钟) 通读全文是用较快速度，一行一行地读，目的是把握至少90% 的文章内容。选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有5个干扰项，切不可先看选项，乱了脑子。一定要先了解文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。所以，务必先沉着地把文章读一遍，尤其注意gap 前后的位置，为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。提醒：先居高临下，花5秒钟把短文各个自然段的段首扫一遍。比如样题的各段是这样开头的：When Roberto Feliz came to the USAThen Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with himToday, he is a _ doctor, run his own clinicRobertos story is just one of _ success stories. 一眼就能看出短文的主要内容：Roberto开始不行，随着时间的推移（When Then Today ）后来在别人帮助下成功 (success stories)了。心里有了底，再读文章就轻松多了。提醒：Banked cloze 的短文（text）第一句是不允许出题的，它对全文起概括、提示的作用。所以，一定要认真看懂第一句。第二步：整理选项 (1分钟)这一步，公认的做法是先标出15个选项的词性。目前四级考试只考实词中的四种：名词做主语和宾语, 动词做谓语，形容词做定语，副词做状语。不考代词和数词；也不考虚词（冠词, 介词, 连词, 感叹词）。四种实词中，考得最少是副词, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。研究样题和真题后发现，动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个，也有四个。标词性时的切入点是后缀，也就是词尾。以ion, age, ness, ty, ship, ace, ance, ancy, ence, ency, dom, itude, um, mony 结尾的大都是名词； 以ize, ise, fy结尾的大都是动词；以ive, ent, ant, ful, ous, able, ary, ic, cal, less结尾的是大都是形容词；以ly, s, ways, wise 结尾的大都是副词。这里有两个问题：一、有的词做名词和做动词都很常见，没有上下文不好判断，这时两个都要标出来，先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。二、以ing, ed 结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是分词转变而来的形容词。这时怎么办？很简单，新四级考试中的banked cloze 还没有到考分词作形容词的难度，所以，碰到这种情况，一律看成是动词，包括非谓语动词。 第三步：选词填空 (4分钟)调动语法知识，先确定单词的词性，再去词表中找同一词类的选项，挑出正确答案。动词的确定：动词最容易确定，因为一个句子没有动词就等于没有谓语，是很明显的缺陷。而且动词的关联性、可比性最差，选这个和选那个有天壤之别。名词的确定：1冠词a, an, the 的后面。 2介词in, on, from的后面。3形容词 (包括指示形容词demonstrative adjectives或称限定词determiners，如this, that, these, those )的后面。 形容词的确定： 名词的前面。 副词的确定：1动词的附近（指前面或后面）。真题：jobs that used to be done primarily by women2形容词的前面。真题：but they are still not completely sure what leads to it3句子的前面。如：Not surprisingly, the jury found them both guilty. 上面谈的是根据语法确定词性，现在谈谈根据上下文确定词义。默念这句话：“答案就在周围！”如果你留心的话，空白附近的暗示无处不在。真题举例：1the income gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now _ about half of all cars. 正向并列：buying 同义词暗示 purchase. （2006-12）2 The hot, humid air over the ocean causes sever _ thunderstorms. 正向并列：hot, humid 同义词暗示tropical.（2006-6）3other parts face drought, poor crops and _. 正向并列：poor crops 同义词暗示 starvation；欠收自然导致饥荒。（2006-6）结论：眼尖一点，脑子勤一点。第四步：回顾检查 review (1分钟)速度要快，只看有题的句子即可。（二）解题五绝招:1) 词性判断2) 常用搭配3) 内在逻辑 4) 感情色彩 5) 语法常识（四）实例分析 （以四级考试大纲中的样题为例，结合解题方法，命题特点进行剖析）When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_ I couldnt understand anything, he said. He_48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his_49_ Spanish. She helped me stay smart while teaching me English, he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he_50_ confidence and began to succeed in school.Today, he is a_51_ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he_52_ through bilingual education to treat his patients.Robertos story is just one of_53_ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most_54_ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students_55_outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college_56_rates of more than 90%. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation. A) wonder B) acquired C) consistently D) regained E) nightmare F) native G) acceptance H) effectiveI) hid J) prominent K) decent L) countlessM) recalled N) breakthrough O) automatically 解题思路与命题点剖析:1通读完文章后，对所给备选词汇进行词性分类:名 词: E) nightmare G) acceptance N) breakthrough A) wonder形容词: J) prominent F) native L) countless K) decent H) effective 副 词: C) consistently O) automatically 动 词: B) acquired I) hid D) regained M) recalled 2根据上下文的衔接，基本语法知识，固定搭配，词义感情色彩进行答题。47) 根据基本语法常识判断， 在该空前有一个冠词 “ a” ，说明该空应填一个名词，而且进一步推断，一定为可数名词并且是单数名词，然后我们就从刚才词性归类后的名词中寻找答案。由此可以进一步缩小范围，由15选1变成了4选1。根据上下文还可以看到，上一句提到Roberto Feliz只知道一些英语单词，而该空后面一句的意思是他说我不理解任何事情，由此可以判断出47空的名词感情色彩应该为负面或者说为贬义，由此缩小了包围圈，在这4个名词中，贬带义的只有E) nightmare， 因此我们锁定答案。总结: 该题目的考查重点为词性分类以及对上下文感情色彩的判断。48) 首先根据语法常识判断，该空所填词的词性应该为动词，细心的同学很快可以发现，在这个空后出现了and， 表明这是一个平行结构，这个发现对于解这个题目非常重要，根据and前后的动词判断，此处也应该填动词的过去时，我们再进一步判断，该空后面句子的意思为 “他回到家后就哭，而且想着辍学”，由此我们判断这个地方所填的动词的感情色彩也为贬义的，与该句后面并列结构的感情色彩一至，我们不难判断该空该填I) hid。总结: 该题目的考查重点为平行结构以及句子所表达的感情色彩。49)根据基本语法常识来判断，该空所填的词应该是修饰Spanish，所以我们判断该空应该填一个形容词，从词性这个角度缩小了范围。接着，我们来看上下文的含义。上文提到Mrs. Malave是一位双语教师。从这里我们可以看出，49空前有个in这个词，这是一个信号词：表示当这位双语老师在教数学和科学的时候用某种语言。再根据句意判断，我们不难得出答案，应该填F) native 总结: 该题重点考查上下文的理解以及词性判断。50）根据语法常识判断，该空应该填一个动词，与confidence构成动宾搭配。此外，还有三个地方的提示。首先是given的理解，Given放句首，后跟名词或从句，然后再跟主句是固定句型。given充当介词使用，表示假设、假定等意思。 该句的意思为 “假定给他一个展示他能力的机会的话” ; 其次是对于 “and”的准确理解， and表示一个并列平行结构，后半句的意思是 “在学校开始取得成功” 通过这句可以表明前半句的感情色彩也应该是褒义的; 最后，就是根据上下文意思的衔接来判断， 文章第一段说到对于英语他几乎不懂，在校躲着老师，在家经常哭泣，总想辍学，语言对于他来说是一场噩梦，由此可以判断他对学习英语失去了信心， 而本句的后半句说他开始在学校取得成功，很明显这是重拾信心的表现。综上，我们得出该空的答案为D) regained 总结: 该题考查的重点为词性判断，上下文的理解，以及固定搭配。51） 根据语法判断，我们很容易断定这个空应该填一个形容词来修饰doctor这个名词。 此外，解本题的关键还有一个小词，就是today这个词，这个词出现就说明文中隐含着时间对比的考点，对解题有间接的提示作用，对于这种小词的准确含义的理解，考生绝对不能忽视。除了这个线索之外，在这个空的后面句子的意思为 “他开了自己的诊所，而且在许多家医院工作” 这足以说明他在事业上的成功。感情色彩为褒义色彩。再根据与doctor搭配的原则，很快就能在几个形容词中锁定答案J) prominent。 总结: 该题的考查重点为词性判断，上下文衔接以及句子感情色彩的判断。52）根据语法知识判断，该空所填的应该是一个动词。此外，考生可以发现所填的动词是与academic skills构成动宾搭配。很明显，根据句意: 他用通过双语教学所学到的语言和获得的技能来治疗他的病人。很快判断出该空应该填B) acquired 。 总结: 本题所考查的重点是词性判断，特别是考生对固定搭配的掌握。53）该空所填的应该是一个形容词修饰stories，又根据one of 的意思来判断， Robertos story只不过是众多成功故事中的一个，所以我们可以锁定答案L) countless 。总结: 本题重点考查词性判断，特别是上下文意思的理解。 54）本题的解题关键有两个。首先是根据语法常识来判断词性，该空应该填形容词来修饰way。其次根据整句话的意思来判断: 本句的意思为 “研究表明双语教学对于教孩子英语以及保证他们在学术上取得成功是一种( )的方法” 。本段开头正好讲了Robertos story成功的例子，双语教学给Roberto带来了成功。 因此我们可以判断这个地方所填的形容词应该是褒义的，不难得出结论H) effective。 总结: 本题除了继续考查词性判断外，更重要的是考查对上下文感情色彩的整体把握。55）根据语法常识判断，此处该填一个副词来修饰动词outperform。又根据句子的意思，很容易判断出应该填C) consistently(持续地，一直地)。总结: 本题考查的重点是词性判断以及句意理解。难度较小。56） 根据语法常识可以判断，本空应该填一个名词来与rates来搭配，构成词组。上文中出现了dropout rates(辍学率)，而本句又使用了比较级的手法，由此判断为比较考点。 通过常识判断，这里肯定填G) acceptance，与rates构成词组acceptance rate（入学率），与前面所提到的dropout rates (辍学率)构成对比。总结: 本题特别考查了上下文的衔接关系。第二节 强化训练Passage 1The American patent system, provided for in the Constitution, was designed to encourage the creation and use of new technology. An inventor would describe the invention, both in writing and with drawings, and _47_ the description with a model to a government official. If the invention was judged to be _48_ and beneficial, the official would give the inventor a patent. The patent meant that for 14 years the inventor owned the new invention. Inventors could _49_ their ideas to manufacturers or just use them themselves. The government would not _50_ any other patent for the same idea, and the inventor could _51_ anyone of using the patented idea with- out paying the owner of the patent for _52_ to use it.A useful patent meant that the inventor could make a lot of money. In exchange for this governmental protection, the government published the patent _53_ , which had to provide enough information so that other people could understand the inventionthus adding to the general_54_technological knowledge. And at the end of the 14 years, anyone could use the invention for_55_.The idea behind the patent system was twofold: it would increase the amount of technology, by providing a way for people to make money out of new ideas, and it would make new technology widely available, by publicizing ideas that might _56_ be kept as trade secrets.A) license B) however C) accuse D) submit E) convenientF) permission G) enable H) free I ) specifications J ) yieldK) issue L) charge M) available N) otherwise O) originalPassage 2The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily 1 with sheer physical survival and beyond that its own economic 2 . Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination and their psychological needs and capacities received little 3 .As the society became more complex, the 4 of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many of other members. 5 , viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes 6 the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their will-being.This new 7 of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge （猛增）of interest in child- 8 techniques. People today spend a 9 portion of their time conferring（探讨）on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another persons child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing. The socialization of the 10 child in the United States is a two-way communication between parent and child rather than a one-way parent to child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.A prosperity B status C protecting D rearing E contemporary F reveal G curiosity H concerned I consideration J consequently K view L considerable M stimulated N consistently O reservingPassage 3Citing an epidemic of obesity, Surgeon General Dr. David Satcher, today called on communities and schools to help children and adults lose weight and stay 1 Satcher 2 schools as central to efforts to prevent and decrease excess weight problems, and recommended they 3 physical education programs and provide healthy food alternatives. Communities also must offer safe places to exercise, he 4 . “Many people believe that dealing with overweight and obesity is a personal responsibility,” Satcher states. “To some degree they are right, but it is also a community responsibility.”An estimated 300,000deaths may be 5 to obesity in the United States each year, and more than 60% of adults in 1999 could be 6 as overweight or obese,7 to the new report from the surgeon general. But the problem is not just a concern for adults. The prevalence of obesity for adolescents has nearly 8 in the past two decades, making early intervention all the more critical.According to the report, in 1999, 13 percent of children between the ages of 6 and 11 and 14 percent of those aged 12 to 19 were overweight. And the younger a person begins to carry excess weight, the 9 the potential impact on their future quality of life. Weight gain and obesity are major 10 to poor health, increasing the risk of a number of medical conditions including heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and even certain cancers.A purchase B classified C urged D interviewE tripled F contributors G moreover H healthyI greater J attributed K improve L dealM according N checkout O identifiedPassage 4The weather prediction for Asia in 2050 read like a script from a doomsday(世界末日) movie.Except many climatologists and green groups fear they will come 1 unless there is a concerted global effort to rein(驾驭) in greenhouse gas 2 .In the decades to come, Asia-home to more than half the worlds 6.3 billion people-will lurch(倾斜) 3 one climate extreme to another, with impoverished farmers battling droughts, floods, 4 , food shortages and rising sea levels.“Its not a pretty picture,” said Steve Sawyer, climate policy adviser with Greenpeace in Amsterdam. Global warming and changes to weather 5 are already occurring and there is enough excess carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to drive climate change for decades to 6 .Already, changes are being felt in Asia but worse is likely to come, Sawyer and top climate bodies say, and could lead to mass migration and widespread humanitarian 7 .According to predictions, glaciers will 8 faster, some Pacific and Indian Ocean islands will have to evacuate or build sea defenses, storms will become more intense and insect and water-borne diseases will move into new areas as the world 9 .Experts say environmental 10 such as deforestation and pollution will likely magnify the impacts of climate change.A come B scholarship C melt D emissionsE effort F patterns G crises H trueI conceive J warms K disease WithM degradation N long O fromPassage 5What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel 47 about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. Were 48 with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity(肥胖). Perhaps the 49 to this ambivalence(矛盾情结) lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop(经济作物) wasnt eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more 50 ways of doing it.The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans” eat, but our nations food has come to be 51 by imports pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the countrys most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the nations defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political 52 .But strong opinions have not brought 53. Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become 54 of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.The 55 in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. Its no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in such bondage（束缚）. Its what we eat and how w