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绵阳市文学艺术培训学校 绵阳市青少年文化艺术人才的摇篮 Advocating PersonalityEDU.教案编号:【 5 】个体差异性辅导教案 学科: 英语 任课教师: 孙永红 授课时间: 年 月 日 (星期 )姓名 年级 性别 教材人教版总课时 第 课教学目标知识点:考点:能力:方法:难点 重点 课堂教学过程课堂教学过程课前检查作业完成情况:优 良 中 差 建议:过程过程初中英语三大从句详解结构:简单句+从属连词+简单句从句(Subordinate Clause)是复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that、who、when等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。 主语从句 宾语从句 名词性从句 表语从句从句类别 同位语从句 (6类) 形容词性从句定语从句 副词性从句状语从句前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通称名词性从句;后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。【宾语从句】一、概述:在之前对简单句的学习中,我们了解了“主谓宾”这种结构。先来回顾一下,比如“他打我”这个中文句子,这句话应该很好理解,“他”是主语,是整句话中陈述的对象(往往由代词或名词来担当);“打”是谓语,是主语所做的动作;“我”是宾语,用在谓语动词的后面。那么,把这句话翻译成英语怎么说?_来分析一下吧!句中的_是主语,_是动词,作谓语,而_是动作的对象(或者说是行为的承受者),是宾语。那么,什么是从句呢?还是先从简单句来理解。简单句表示句子中只包含一个主谓宾。从句就是一句话当中包含两个句子,也就是两个主谓宾。宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用,是中考重要考点之一。对于宾语从句的考查,常是关于宾语从句的引导词(连接词)、时态和语序。简析如下:考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到宾语从句。宾语从句在五大基本句型中出现的位置:(黑体部分) 基本句型一: (主谓) 基本句型二: (主谓宾) 基本句型三: (主谓间宾直宾) 基本句型四: (主谓宾宾补) 基本句型五: (主系表) +宾从即宾语从句在句中的基本情况: Vt that Prep + 宾从(引导词) if/whether Adj wh- (谓语部分)2、 详解:宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。( )如:Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.Shedoesntknow(that)sheisseriouslyill.Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。 ( )如:Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfoe?Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?Idontknowwhythetrainislate.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。( )如:Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere.Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:Ihear(that)physicsisnteasy.Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon.CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?Pleasetellmewhenwellhavethemeeting.宾语从句的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。如:Idontthink(that)youareright.Pleasetelluswhereheis.CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。例如:Heaskedwhattimeitwas.Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet.HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter.HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon.3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。如:OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.宾语从句的注意点:1、 that的省略与否宾语从句that常可省略,但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,可以省略第一个that,其他不能省略。 egI believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter B当it作形式宾语时 egShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置时 egThat our team will win,I believe2、 宾语从句种类(vt+宾从、prep+宾从、adj+宾从)动词的宾从注:谓语动词有简单谓语、复合谓语之分 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。例句: I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 例句: Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.介词宾从 用wh-类的介词宾语从句,介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。 例句: We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。*I promised that I would change the situation. *All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship. *He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children. *This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long. 其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:Are you sorry for what youve done?形容词的宾从 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.3、 形式宾语“it”Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而 将that宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it(双宾语) 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.4、 “否定前置”现象宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时,应转移到主句上去。(注: 否定前移的条件是,主句主语是第一人称、且为一般现在时) Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher. Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher.完成反意疑问句时,应与从句主、谓保持一致。 I dont think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. 如: I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.(原因:if可引导条件状语从句)6、 宾语从句的简化1.当主句谓语动词是find,see,watch,hear等感官动词时,从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构,宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如:She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground.She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.2.当主句谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,forget,plan,agree等,且主句主语与从句主语相同时,从句可简化为不定式结构。如:She agreed that she could help me with my maths.She agreed to help me with my maths.3.在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构。如:Can you tell me how I can get to the station?Can you tell me how to get to the station?【定语从句】1、 概述:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。定语从句的关系词: 关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。 关系代词:that, which, who(宾格 whom,所有格whose)等关系词 (做主语,宾语,定语) 关系副词:where, when, why等 (做状语)关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分,先行词和关系词是同等转换的关系。中考对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:1 定语从句的功用和结构2关系代词和关系副词的功用3各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法2、 详解:定语从句的分类: 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。 1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如:I was the only person in my office who was invited. 2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。 如: Michael Jaskon, who is the greatest singer in the world, passed away in 2010. Mary lived in the city of Hongkong, where used to be a small poor countryside. 关系词的用法 关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.( 语)玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue. ( 语)我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 2. which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。 例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.( 语) 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。 The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.( 语) 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。 3. who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。在口语中,有时可用who代替 whom, 也可省略。 例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. ( 语)经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。 Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 4. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语. 可译为“的” 例如:He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替。例如 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. = The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? =Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能 用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Do you know the girl with whom your teacher is talking. (2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3) that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:The city that/which she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。 (4) 指物时关系词只能用that的情况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时, 只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 g.关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如: He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语) (5) 关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: .先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that. 例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 关系副词的用法(1) when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2) where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 This is the house where (in which) he lives. (3) why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。小结:关系词判断步骤 l 首先,要辨别出先行词。如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用who, that whom, whose。 如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that l 然后,要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表 先行词主语宾语定语人who, thatwho(m), thatwhose物which, thatwhich, thatwhose, of which 了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律 关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式)。例: Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩。 Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? =Is this the room where he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗? 常见的有以下几种情况: 1. where=in/on which 例:This is the room where / in which he lives. 这是他住的房间。 I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。 2. when= on/in/at which 例:I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年。 I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。 I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。 3. why=for which 例: This is the reason why / for which he was killed. 这是他被杀害的原因。但下列情况下介词不能提前: 用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前。例: Hes the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩。 This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。 当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例:Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗? This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。 当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例: Youre the very man whom Im looking for. 你正是我在找的那个人【状语从句】1、 概述:状语从句指的是在主从句中作状语的从句,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;若放在主句之后,一般不用逗号。按其意义和作用划分,常见的有以下几种:(状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义)1. 时间状语从句2.条件状语从句3.原因状语从句4.结果状语从句5. 比较状语从句6.目的状语从句7.让步状语从句8.地点状语从句二、详解;1.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等连词来引导。例如:Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday.Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang.Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily.HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina.Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.(2) 在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:IllringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork.Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback.Hewontbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.(3) 在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“一直到时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到才”,“在以前不”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout.Letswaituntiltherainstops.WewontstartuntilBobcomes.Dontgetoffuntilthebusstops.2.条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导。例如:Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?DontleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.(2) 在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:IllhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow.Hewontbelateunlessheisill.(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如:Hurryup,oryoullbelate.=Ifyoudonthurryup,youllbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.3.原因状语从句(1) 原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。例如:Hedidntcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo.Sinceyoucantanswerthequestion,Illasksomeoneelse.(2) because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如:-Whyarentgoingthere?-BecauseIdontwantto.Ashehasnocar,hecantgetthereeasily.Sincewehavenomoney,wecantbuyit.(3) because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4.结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat,suchthat,sothat引导。例如:Heissopoorthathecantbuyabikeforhisson.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher.Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldntseeit.(2)sothat语such.that可以互换。例如:在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中,so是副词,与形容词连用。其结构是:“.so+形容词(副词)+that+从句”。例如:Hewassogladthathecouldntsayaword.Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带。如果是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如:Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything.Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如:Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.(3) 如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时,只能用so,不用such。例如:Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses.Hehassolittletimethathecantgotothecinemawithyou.5.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas,比较级+than等连词引导。例如:TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.6.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat引导。例如:Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture.Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime.(2) sothat既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个:1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如:Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的状语从句)Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.(结果状语从句)7.让步状语从句(1) 让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导。例如:Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说:Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.应该说:Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.8.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如:Gowhereyoulike.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.总结一下状语从句的引导词吧!状语从句类型引导词时间状语从句条件状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句比较状语从句目的状语从句让步状语从句地点状语从句考点提炼:中考英语常见从句考点分析及模拟练习 (一)宾语从

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