考研语法义精选.doc

第一节 名词语法一、 名词主要考点：1特殊名词的单复数2与名词相关的主谓一致关系二、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：1容易误用为复数的不可数名词：（这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数）advice建议，忠告living生活，生计equipment装备，设备progress前进，发展furniture家具，设备scenery风景，景色information通知；信息machinery机器，机械knowledge知识，学问traffic交通流量baggage / luggage行李，皮箱trouble烦恼，麻烦cash现金thunder雷声，轰隆声apparatus仪器weather天气，处境clothing衣服work工作，劳动paper纸，钞票luck运气，幸运technology工艺，技术jewelry珠宝2 复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。（这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词）economics经济学measles麻疹 physics物理学mumps腮腺炎mathematics数学rickets软骨病，佝偻病dynamics动力学news新闻The United States美国The New York Times纽约时报3特殊复数形式的名词：（ 注意其拼写与读音 ）单 数复 数汉 语说 明analysis E5nAlisisanalyses E5nAlisiz分析变 -sis 为 -ses basis 5beIsIs bases 5beisiz 基础变 -sis 为 -sescrisis 5kraisiscrises 5kraisiz 危机变 -sis 为 -sesdiagnosis 7daiE5nEusisdiagnoses 7daiE5nEusiz诊断变 -sis 为 -sesbacterium bAk5tiEriEm bacteria bAk5tiEriE细菌变 -um 为 -adatum 5deitEmdata 5deitE数据，资料变 -um 为 -acurriculum kE5rikjulEm curricula kE5rikjulE 课程变 -um 为 -amedium 5mi:djEm media 5mi:djE媒体变 -um 为 -acriterion krai5tiEriEn criteria krai5tiEriE 标准变 -on 为 -aphenomenon fi5nCminEnphenomena fi5nCinE 现象变 -on 为 -astimulus 5stimjulEsstimuli 5stimjulai 刺激物，刺激变 -us 为 -inucleus 5nju:kliEsnuclei 5nju:kliai 核心；原子核vita 5vaitEvitae vaIti:个人简历变 -a 为 -aeantenna An5tenE antennae An5teni: 天线变 -a 为 -aeformula 5fC:mjulE formulae An5teni:公式；程式变 -a 为 -aeappendix E5pendiksappendices E5pendisis 附录变 -ix 为 -icesindex 5indeksindexes 5Indeksindices 5indisi:z索引加 - es 或-ices 4. 单复数相同的名词: ( 谓语动词视具体情况而定 )deer鹿means 手段，方法sheep羊，绵羊series连续，系列fish 鱼species种类Chinese汉语(单），中国人（复）works 工厂；作品ethics伦理学（单）；道德行为（复）statistics统计学（单）；数据（复）5 单数形式表示复数意义或总是用于复数的名词：（ 谓语动词用复数 ）cattle 牲畜earnings 收入herd 牧群findings 调查结果militia 民兵savings 积蓄police 警察belongings 所有物people 人民surroundings 环境trousers 裤子lodgings 住所jeans 工装裤troops军队gloves 手套goods 商品stockings 袜子regards问候socks 短袜Philippines 菲律宾群岛scissors 剪刀funds 基金spectacles 眼睛pains 辛苦compasses 圆规alms施舍, 救济物6既可用作单数又可用作复数但意义不同的名词air 空气 airs 风度，架势arm 手臂 arms 武器art 艺术 arts 文科；人文科学authority 权利；权威 authorities 官方；当局brain 大脑 brains 智力chain 链(条) chains 镣铐compliment 恭维；称赞 compliments 问候；致意condition 状况，状态 conditions 条件；环境，形势congratulation 祝贺 congratulations 祝贺词content 内容；容量；满足 contents 目录convenience 便利，方便 conveniences 便利设备custom 习俗 customs 海关damage 损害；毁坏 damages 赔偿费finding 发现，发现物 findings 调查(研究)结果force 力；力量；势力 forces 兵力；军队glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜height 高；高度 heights 高地处humanity 人类；人性 humanities 人文科学import 进口；输入 imports 进口商品；要旨，含义interest 兴趣；关心；利息 interests 利益；利害instruction 指导；指示 instructions 用法说明(书)；操作指南lesson 功课；课 lessons 课程；教训liability 责任；义务 liabilities 债务 manner 举止；方式 manners 礼貌，风度；规矩，风俗mass 大量；团，块 masses 群众；质量measure 尺寸，大小 measures 措施，办法minute 分钟 minutes 会议记录necessityobservationpainpaperpollproceedingprovision quarterrailrespectruinsavingslackspecificationspiritsportteachingtermthingtimetonsandtransactionwaterwoodcommunicationlightvirtuework必要必然性；需要观察；监视疼痛纸民意测验行动；进行供应；准备；规定四分之一栏杆，围栏尊敬，尊重毁灭，崩溃储蓄淡季，萧条详述精神，气概运动教学、学期，期限东西，物时间吨沙子处理；交易，事物水木头通讯；交流光美德工作；职业；产品necessitiesobservationspainspaperspollsproceedingsprovisionsquartersrailsrespectsruinssavingsslacksspecificationsspiritssportsteachingstermsthingstimestonssandstransactionswaterswoodscommunications1ightsvirtuesworks必需品观察资料或报告；言论努力，辛劳文件政治选举，大选会议录；学报给养，口粮方向；地区；住处铁路；轨道敬意，问候废墟，遗迹储蓄金，存款便裤，运动裤规格，说明书，规范情绪，心情；酒精，烈酒, 运动会教导，学说条件，条款；术语用品；事态，情况时代大量，许多沙滩会报，学报水域，河道树林交通工具，通讯系统灯优点著作；工厂，工场三、主谓一致关系英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：1 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both and 连接 时，谓语动词用复数。 Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。2 就近原则： 由 either or ; neither nor ; not onlybut also; or ； there be 等引导的主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party. 3 就远原则：主语， as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。同例：with; together with; along with; including; in addition to; besides ; except; as much as; accompanied by ; rather than等等4 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .Twenty days have passed since I met her last time. 自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 （ twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。）5 and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。 War and peace is a constant theme in literature.战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread law and order bread and butter apple pie and ice cream folk and knife wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒饭The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. （指两个人）A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)6动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise. ( 指“早睡早起”一件事)To work hard is necessary What I said and did is of no concern to you.Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )7 many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。 Many a student has made such a mistake. More than one stranger agrees with me.注意在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。8 由 every and every ; each and each; no and no; many a and many a 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。 Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me. No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语， 谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。 All of us are going to see the game.All of his time was spent on gamblingThree-fourths of the people are illiterate.同例： plenty of, one fourth of, none of, some of , majority of , percent of , the rest of , reminder of . 10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars. 同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of 的用法。One of those men likes to drive fast.One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.Neither is satisfactory.Is either of the singers reading now?13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploitedWe can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.我们先从难题开始， 不会的可能花的时间长一些。The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头.14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers）作主语时，谓语动词用单数My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。One and a half apples is left on the plate.16. 当主语由 a series of, a portion of , a species of , a kind of , a sequence of , a chain of, a piece of 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li. A large portion of her poems was published after her death.第二节 动词语法一、动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词（ do, be, have ）和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.2、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.3、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.4一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.6. 过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。 考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.7. 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May.8、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.9、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.10. 动词的语态一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed，It is expected, It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed, It was thought二、动词的语气 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、 祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，但是MBA联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达： a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。b. 与客观事实相反地情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显得标志。具体考点如下：考点一：if 句型 （共有三种句型）1. 与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.2. 与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 现在完成时If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.3. 与将来的事实相反：从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 动词原形If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.4. 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。 Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在）谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.考点二： wish 句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气 wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时 + 动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式 + 动词原形（如might do）。” I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish he would forgive me.I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.同例： 在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。If only I were free now. （注意： if only后面可以不加主句 ）考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，askI suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一： 以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.考点三：It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。即某人对某事的反应。important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的, 明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的）, crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative(命令的, 强制的, 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的, 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。It is necessary that we all should do our best to pro