栗长江英语座义-1.doc

一、评分标准第五档A 节（9-10分）B 节（17-20分）很好地完成了试题规定的任务。包含所有内容要点；使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；有效地采用了多种衔接手段，文字连贯，层次清晰；格式与语域恰当贴切。对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。第四档A节（7-8分）B节（13-16分）较好地完成了试题规定的任务。包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉一、两个次重点；使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误。采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密；格式与语域较恰当。对目标读者产生了预期的效果。第三档A节（5-6分）B节（9-12分基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求；有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；格式与语域基本合理。对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。第二档A节（3-4分）B节（5-8分未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；格式与语域不恰当。未能清楚地传达信息给读者。第一档A节（1-2分）B节（1-4分未能完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；语法结构和词汇的使用单调、重复；语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差。未能使用衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；无格式与语域概念。未能传达信息给读者。零档（0分） 所传达的信息或所用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。二、词汇闪光点训练及词汇必知（一）Self-confidenceThere are many factors that can _contribute to a persons success in life. Whether he is at school or at work, a person is more likely to succeed if he is hard-working, honest, intelligent, responsible, and so on. But of all the possible characteristics that can affect ones success, I believe self-confidence to be the most important for the following reasons. The first reason is that when a person has self-confidence he believes in himself. He believes that he can and will succeed, and this gives him the courage to try new things. In order to be successful we must be willing to _take some risks, so having self-confidence is very important. Another reason is that a confident person rarely gives up. When he fails he tries again and again until he wins. A final reason is that confident people are not afraid to show off their achievements. This is not to say that they should _brag, but that they should gracefully and confidently accept the _compliments of others. When their achievements are noticed more by others at school or work, they are more likely to succeed. In short, I believe self-confidence to be the most important factor in success. It enables people to take risks, try again when they fail, and enjoy their accomplishments when they win. With these abilities, a confident person can succeed easily at school or work. 促成一个人成功的因素有很多。不论是念书或工作，如果可以努力、诚实、聪明、负责任等，就比较有可能成功。但在所有可能影响成功与否的特点中，基于下列理由，我认为自信最重要。第一个理由就是，当一个人有自信的时候，就会相信自己的能力。他会相信自己可以而且一定会成功，这一点让他有勇气尝试新事物。想要成功，我们必须愿意冒险，所以有自信是很重要的。另一个理由是，有信心的人很少放弃，即使失败了，还是会不断尝试，直到成功。最后一个理由是，有信心的人不怕炫耀自己的成就，这并不表示他们应该自夸，而是应该优雅、有信心地接受别人的赞美。当他们在学业或工作上的成就更受人注目时，成功的可能性就更高了。简言之，我认为自信是成功最重要的因素。自信使人勇于冒险，失败了会再接再厉，成功时能享受自己的成就。有了这些能力，有信心的人就能够轻易地在学业或工作上获得成功。（二）The Media and Famous PeopleIn almost every form of media, including television, newspapers and magazines, a great deal of attention is paid to the personal lives of _celebrities. It seems that the public cannot get enough of this kind of news. However, I believe that the media have a responsibility to present _a balanced view of the world, as well as respect the lives of public figures. Therefore, I believe that the media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people. For people who _are fascinated with the lives of public figures there are some forms of media devoted exclusively to this topic. They can _satisfy their curiosity by buying fan magazines and watching TV shows devoted to entertainment news. The general media should present all types of information because people have different interests. Furthermore, the practice of _dwelling on the private lives of celebrities can lead people to pay more attention to these matters than they otherwise would. Perhaps most importantly, the media should respect the privacy of every individual, including public figures. They may have chosen to be in the public eye, but that does not give the public the right to know everything about them. Moreover, many stories about celebrities are untrue; they are only gossip reported to increase sales of magazines and other media. They are unfair to the famous and _mislead the public. For all of these reasons, I believe that the media should pay more attention to matters _other than the private lives of public figures. In this way, they can _appeal to a wider audience and encourage people to develop other interests. In my opinion, the media currently pay too much attention to the private lives of public figures. 几乎每一种媒体，包括电视、报纸和杂志，都把许多焦点放在名人的私生活上。一般大众似乎对这种新闻一直很感兴趣。然而，我认为媒体有责任以公正无偏袒的观点报导时事，以及尊重公众人物的生活。因此，我认为媒体的确过度关注名人的私生活。因为有些人对于公众人物的私生活十分着迷，所以有些媒体就专做这个主题。通过购买针对歌迷或影迷所发行的杂志和观看电视节目的娱乐新闻，就能满足这些歌迷和影迷的好奇心。一般媒体应该提供所有类型的资讯，因为人们的兴趣各不相同。此外，老是强调名人的私生活，会使人们比平常更注意这些事情。或许最重要的是，媒体应该尊重个人的隐私，包括公众人物的隐私。他们可能选择公开露面或上传播媒体，但那并不表示大众有权知道他们的一切。此外，许多关于名人的报导并不真实；那些报导只不过是被用来增加杂志销售量以及其他媒体业绩的八卦传闻。那些不实的报导不仅对名人不公平，也会误导大众。基于这些理由，我认为媒体应该多注意公众人物私生活以外的事情。如此一来，媒体就能吸引更广大的受众群，并且鼓励人们培养其他的兴趣。依我之见，目前的媒体的确过度关注公众人物及他们的私生活。您好！郭老师： 我是杨学生。我贵姓杨，你给了我的名字。 您活在中国的时间太久，我们都很失去你。天气在上海怎么办？今天是星期末，您必须在用朋友玩，我猜？或者，在做研究功课，勤勤奋奋？ 我们老老实实地希望你来美国回得早。请让我们认识您的飞翔号码，所以我们可以去飞机场把你捡回来。Dear Mr. Kuo, How are you? My last name is Yang. You gave me this name. Youve been living in China too long. We all miss you. How do you find the weather in Shanghai? Today is weekend. You must have been with your friends, having fun, I guess? Or doing research work diligently? We sincerely hope you will be back to the States soon. Please let us know your flight number so that we can go to the airport and pick you up. 语域There are two basic questions we ask ourselves before we write who are we writing to and why are we writing. This is true whatever the language, and it is irrelevant whether the writer is a native speaker or a language learner. The answer to these questions will give the appropriate register and style to use. Register means using the correct vocabulary according to who you are writing to and the situation you are referring to whereas style has come to mean the degree of formality used.Difference Between Formal and Informal StyleMistakes in the register and style of written language can lead to disastrous consequences. Put yourself in the place of an employer seeking a new secretary receiving this in the mail, “I saw your ad in the paper. I want a job and I need some dosh so how about it?” The grammar is correct and the sentences complete but this is unlikely to get the applicant the job. Unfortunately, the applicant has not taken into account the fact that he is not writing to a friend, and a much higher degree of formality needed to have been employed.An email to a football buddy which begins, “I am writing to you in response to your letter dated the 5th of November in which you enquired after my availability for practice on the 10th. I would like to inform you ” may even result in the player being thrown off the team. Someone who writes in that way is unlikely to be a very good team player as he gives the impression of arrogance and superiority. Reverse the registers and style of the application letter and the email, however, and the responses to both will be much more positive.These are all things that the English as a Second Language learner must take into account. This is harder for many learners than the learning of the grammar rules and vocabulary. The latter can be learned from a book with some application, whereas the appropriateness of language requires judgment and logic. Many of the rules governing social interaction are unwritten and furthermore, what is acceptable in one culture may be frowned upon in another. While we mostly absorb appropriateness whilst growing up in our own society, to have to learn its applications in a foreign culture or language is not so easy.搭配Its easy to understand UP, meaning toward the sky or at the top of the list, but when we awaken in the morning, why do we wake UP?At a meeting, why does a topic come UP? Why do we speak UP, why are the officers UP for election, and why is it UP to the secretary to write UP a report?We call UP our friendsand we use it to brighten UP a room,and polish UP the silver.We warm UP the leftoversand clean UP the kitchen.We lock UP the houseand some guys fix UP the old car.At other times the little word has real special meaning.People stir up trouble,line UP for tickets,work UP an appetite,and think UP excuses.To be dressed is one thingbut to be dressed UP is special.And this up is confusing:A drain must be opened UPbecause it is stopped UP.We open UP a store in the morningbut we close it UP at night.We seem to be pretty mixed UP about UP!To be knowledgeable about the proper uses of UP,look the word UP in the dictionary.In a desk-sized dictionary,it takes UP almost 1/4 of the pageand can add UP to about thirty definitions.If you are UP to it,you might try building UP a listof the many ways UP is used.It will take UP a lot of your time,but if you dont give UP,you may wind UP with a hundred or more.When it threatens to rain,we say it is clouding UP.When the sun comes out we say it is clearing UP.When it rains, it wets UP the earth.When it doesnt rain for awhile,things dry UP.One could go on and on,but Ill wrap it UP,for now my time is UP, so Time to shut UP!Ohone more thing:What is the first thing you do in the morningand the last thing you do at night?U PThe way to study collocation_enjoy1）保护、支持类enjoy parental protection受到家长的保护enjoy grassroots support 得到基层支持enjoy the thanks and applause of 得到感谢和赞许enjoy government subsidies得到政府财政补贴enjoy assistance from从得到帮助2）待遇、地位类enjoy a series of privileges 享受一系列特权enjoy great prestige 享有很高的威望enjoy red-carpet treatment 受到隆重的接待enjoy great credibility享有很高的信誉enjoy access to 有权（有机会）进入（使用）3）优势、能力类enjoy advantages具备优越条件enjoy market supremacy占据市场的绝对优势enjoy better communications信息交流渠道更畅通enjoy a bilingual ability具备使用两种语言的能力enjoy unlimited market potential拥有无限的市场潜力enjoy a special place in 占有一个特殊的地位enjoy a distant edge over sb.占明显优势4）增长、发展类enjoy low inflation and high rates of growth 通货膨胀率低，经济增长率高enjoy a 31 percent increase in income 工资增长百分之三十一enjoy a surge in sales销量激增enjoy double-digit growth以两位数的百分比速度增长enjoy the biggest salary rises工资增长幅度最大5）生活、境况类enjoy the occasional spree偶尔倾囊狂购一阵enjoy the greenery 喜欢绿树成荫处enjoy a revival重振雄风enjoy a successful career从事一项有成就事业enjoy affluence生活富裕enjoy a rehabilitation得到恢复enjoy prosperity 处于繁荣6) 影响、关系类enjoy considerable influence拥有相当大的影响enjoy a warm working relationship 工作关系融洽enjoy uncustomary warmth 关系亲热得异乎寻常enjoy a political honeymoon 政治上打得火热7)天气类enjoy a fair amount of sunshine 有较充足的阳关enjoy a dry day一天无雨Suffer）表示遭受病痛suffer a stroke中风suffer head injuries 头部受伤suffer liver failure得肝病suffer stomach trouble 得胃病suffer brain damage大脑受伤suffer agonizing pains 疼痛难忍suffer mental disorders精神失常suffer nervous shock 精神受到刺激suffer a series of fevers高烧不退suffer burns烧伤2）表示遭受打击，不公正待遇suffer mental agony精神痛苦suffer emotional aguish情感少受痛苦suffer discrimination受歧视suffer inequalities/injustice受到不公suffer negative publicity被人暴光suffer abuse遭虐待suffer torture受折磨suffer beatings遭毒打suffer a trauma精神受创伤suffer physical violence遭暴力伤害suffer punishment受惩罚3)表示遭受事故、灾害、损失suffer serious pollution 受严重污染suffer rising unemployment失业人数不断增加suffer an earthquake发生地震suffer serious accidents发生严重事故suffer steady economic deterioration经济状况不断恶化suffer a sharp decline/drop in production/living standards产量/生活水平急剧滑坡suffer a crash飞机坠毁，相撞suffer a brain drain人才外流suffer devastation/damage遭摧残suffer decay衰败suffer a trade deficit贸易逆差suffer continuous grain deficits粮食连年歉收suffer a famine发生饥荒suffer a serious spread of AIDS爱兹病严重蔓延suffer high casualties伤亡惨重suffer a recession经济衰退suffer a widespread drought大片地区遭受旱灾suffer a setback受挫suffer a defeat失败suffer serious consequences造成严重后果suffer a fire失火4) 其他suffer speech problems 讲话困难suffer a school system教育制度有问题suffer poor service服务差suffer a change 因变化而受损suffer flight delays遇到航班延误suffer periodic shortage出现周期性短缺suffer cycles of success and defeats经历几上几下suffer a severe image problem形象不好suffer the strains of success面临成功带来压力_三、句式、句型（一）句子分类简单句简单句虽是句子的起步，也可写得有长有短，句型各异。 （1）主语+动词：The train arrived. （2）主语+系动词+表语：The meeting is over at 4 oclock. （3）主语+动词+直接宾语：We enjoyed ourselves at the party. （4）主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：I gave the car a wash. （5）主语+动词+宾语+补足语：The loud music drives me crazy. （6）There be存在句：There are different kinds of vegetables on the market.并列句 并列句用并列连词把两个或多个分句连接起来，在并列句中不存在单独的主句和从属于它的分句，各分句可根据上下文要求按逻辑次序排列，但各分句都同等重要并独立存在。各分句之间的关系可以作如下划分： （1）并列：Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory. （2）选择：Lets get moving, or else well miss the train. （3）对比：Theory is something but practice is everything. （4）并列：She not only sings like an angel, but also dances divinely. （5）接续：He washed the car and then polished it. （6）转折：We must work hard; otherwise we cannot keep pace with the needs of the changing world. （7）因果：It was getting late, so I quickened my steps.复合句 为表达复杂的概念，一个句子可能包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且，其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，这样的句子叫做复合句。充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语的句子叫做从句，英语中从句有3种：定语从句、名词从句和状语从句。状语从句又可分为时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、目的、结果、比较、方式等共9种。复合句结构较为复杂，容纳的思想、内容、信息量较多。并列复合句When he entered the classroom, the teacher shouted, “order!” and the students screamed, “a cup of beer.”（二）英语基本句式（一） 主+谓+（状）1. Robots never complain.2. Overweight/obese people suffer psychologically and physically.3. The environment has been deteriorating along with the rapid development of economy.（二） 主+谓+宾1. They are discussing the pros and cons of the controversial issue.2. The high unemployment rate undermines the social stability.3. Overindulgence in computer games results in obesity and myopia.4. I can hardly side with the latter opinion for the following several sound reasons.5. We should do away with the sedentary lifestyle.6. More people have attached greater importance to animal rights over the past few years.7. Our government has paid more heed to the conservation of endangered species. （三）主+谓+间宾+直宾1. Some Green Peace activists offer us some pertinent advice on how to minimize the side-effects of global warming.2. Part-time jobs give students a feeling of achievement through contributing to society.（四）主+谓+宾+宾补1. Roberts can make humans redundant, replaceable and indeed, extinct. 2. In English people name fat people couch potatoes.3. I require you to send someone to deal with this thorny issue as soon as possible.4. Experts advise the government to demolish the old houses in the downtown area to promote the citys image. （五）主+系+表1. Many people will remain a paper book devotee.2. Tourism has become an important source of non-trade foreign exchange revenue. 3. The project sounds quite convincing and constructive.4. Without proper guidance and supervision, children taking up a part-time job easily become money-oriented. （三）英语基本句式训练（一）并列句 (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet, neither)政府可以对私家车主课以重税，要么发展公共交通。(levy heavy tax on) congestion chargingThe government may levy heavy tax on private car owners, or it will develop public transport.应该鼓励孩子参与有组织的运动，因为他们从中可以培养合作和竞争意识。Children should be encouraged to take part in organized sports, for they can foster a sense of cooperation and competition.远程教育在现代教育中起着日益重要的作用，于是有些乐观的人声称我们的孩子不必去传统的学校接受正规教育。Tele-education (Distance education) has been playing an increasingly significant role in modern education, so some optimistic people claim that our children no longer need to go to the traditional school to receive formal education. 政府已经尽很大努力去保护文化遗产，然而，还有许多正遭受严重破坏。The government has made great efforts to conserve the cultural heritage, yet there are still many being severely damaged. (however, therefore, nevertheless, as a result, instead, thus, in contrast, in addition, similarly, for example, moreover, furthermore, at the same time, on the other hand, consequently) 动物园保护许多野生动物，此外，它们还使城市居民有机会接触到自然状态下的动物世界。The zoos preserve many forms of wildlife; in addition, they keep city people in closer contact with the more natural world. 有些人使用自行车作为交通工具，还有些人合伙使用汽车（join carpools）或搭乘公共交通工具去他们的目的地。Some people are using bicycles for transportation; moreover, others are joining carpools or taking public vehicles to get to their destinations. 广告在商业中起着重要的作用，而且它对国家的经济有着极大的影响。Advertising plays a significant role in business; furthermore, it exerts enormous impacts on the nations economy. all deceptive slogans现代科技给人类带来众多的好处，同时也对人类社会构成潜在威胁。The development of modern science and technology brings mankind numerous benefits; at the same time, it poses potential risks to human society.细心的消费者依靠好的广告，否则，他们将不能明智地购买各种产品。Careful consumers rely on good advertising; otherwise, they would not buy products wisely. 许多广告确实提供了有关产品的重要信息，然而，其中一些却是误导人的和带有欺骗性的广告。Many ads and commercials do give important information about products; however, some of them are merely misleading and cheating. （四）英语精彩句式Type of Connector Connector(s) ExamplesCoordinating conjunctions for (cause), so (effect) Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.Subordinating conjunctions because, since Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.Conjunctive adverbs therefore, as a result, consequently High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.Prepositions because of, due to, as a result of Due to the stressful