高分子专业英语.doc

一、 英汉互译Chapter 1inertness 惰性 coefficient of friction 摩擦系数isotactic polymer 等规聚合物 syndiotactic polymer 间规聚合物homopolymer 均聚物 copolymer 共聚物ionic bonds 离子键 covalent bonds 共价键thermoplastics 热塑性体 thermosets 热固性体crystalline 结晶的 non-crystalline 非结晶的amorphous 无定形的 elastomer 弹性体deformation 变形 degrade 降解repeat unit 重复单元 mole fraction 摩尔分数number average molar mas 数均分子量 weight average molar mass 重均分子量degree of branching 支化度Chapter 2 polycondensation 缩聚作用 strain 张力stress 应力 electromagnetic 电磁的radiation 辐射 azo 偶氮unpaired electron 未成对电子 cage effect 笼蔽效应addition polymerization 加成聚合 induced decomposition 诱导分解azobisisobutyronitrile 偶氮二异丁睛 redox reaction 氧化还原反应emulsion polymerization 乳液聚合 break down into 分解成.bulk polymerization 本体聚合 suspension polymerization 悬浮聚合solution polymerization 溶液聚合 activation energy 活化能head-to-tail addition，head-to-head addition 头尾加成，头头加成disproportionation 歧化 gel effect 凝胶效应back-biting reaction 回咬反应 inhibitor 阻聚剂retarder 缓聚剂 self-polymerization 自聚recovery of solvent 溶剂回收 dispersing medium 分散介质surface tension 表面张力 surface active agent 表面活性剂potassium persulphate 过硫酸钾 monodispersed 单分散性polydispersity 多分散性 stereoregularity 立体规整度random 无归的 alternative 交替的block copolymer 嵌段共聚物 graft copolymer 接枝共聚物high-energy radiation 高能辐射 living polymer 活的聚合物Chapter 3abrasion resistance 耐磨性 degree of crystallinity 结晶度tensile strength 抗张强度 brittle fracture 脆性断裂transparency 透明度 opaque 不透明permeability 渗透性 compatibility 相容性stiffness 僵硬性，劲度 cloud point 雾点yield point 屈服点 tanslucent 半透明的transparency 透明的 opaque 不透明的refractive index 折光指数 dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric loss 介电损耗 flexural fatigue life 挠曲疲劳寿命restoring force 回复力 Chapter 4 injection press 注射机 reciprocating plunger 往复式注塞mold-clamping capacity 合模力 plasticizing capacity 塑化量sress cracking 应力龟裂 hydraulic press 液压机reaction injection molding 反应注塑 mold-release agent 脱模剂melt fracture 熔体破裂 twin-screw 双螺杆extruder 挤出机 single-screw 单螺杆挤出机stretch blow molding 拉伸吹塑 creep resistance 抗蠕变性 Chapter 5processing aid 加工助剂 blowing agent 发泡剂flame retardant 阻燃剂 coupling agent 偶联剂curing agent 固化剂 damping peak 衰减峰antiblock agent 抗粘连剂 mold release agent 脱模剂fender extension 极限伸长，断裂伸长 crack propagation 延性变形ductile deformation 抗冲击性 impact resistance 冲击载荷shock load 细颈现象 strength-to-weight ratio 比强度ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度 thermal expansion coefficient 热膨胀系数reinforcing agents 增强剂 abrasion resistance 耐磨牢度dispersion force 色散力 isotactic polypropylene 等规聚丙烯syndiotactic polypropylene 间规聚丙烯 syndiotactic polypropylene 异规聚丙烯二、翻译句子Chapter21、 Step-growth polymerization is characterized by the gradual formation of polymer chainsthrough successive reactions coupling monomers to each other to form dimers which can also react with other dimers or unreacted monomer molecules.逐步聚合的特点是通过一个接一个的反应逐步形成聚合物链，先是单体相互配对生成二聚体，二聚体也能够与其他二聚体或未反应的单体分子反应。2、 Since the reaction only occurs at the reactive end of the growing chain long molecules arepresent at an early stage in the reaction along with unreacted monomer molecules which are around until very near the end of the reaction. 由于反应只在增长链的活性端发生，所以在反应初期长分子就与周围的未反应的单体分子一起存在，直到接近反应结束为止。3、 In order for an initiator molecules to be effective it must be capable of breaking down intoradicals which are stable long enough to react with a monomer molecule and form an active center.作为一个有效的引发剂分子，它必须能够分解为游离基，这些游离基要稳定得足以与一个单体分子反应并且生成一个活性中心才行。4、 These secondary reactions tend to reduce the efficiency of the initiator molecules since thedecomposition would otherwise be quantitative. 由于分解反应并不是那么定量的，所以，这些二次反应倾向于降低引发剂分子的效率。5、 The active centre is transferred from the end of the growing chain to a position along the back of the chain and chain growth proceeds from this position. 活性中心从增长链的末端被转移到沿该链的后面的一个位置上并且链增长从这个位置进行。6、 One is homogeneous where the initiator,monomer and polymer are all mutually soluble and in a single phase and the other is heterogeneous where the three main components are not mutually soluble and polymer forms as discrete phase dispersed in a droplet or granular form. 一类是均相体系，其中引发剂、单体和聚合物互溶，并处于一相；而另一类是异相体系，其中三种主要组分不互溶，而且聚合物形成了以小液滴或颗粒的形式分散的不连续相。7、 The use of a pre-polymer helps to reduce the heat evolution, but problems can be encounteredwith unreacted monomer becoming trappted in the polymer which can lead to a unpleasant odours and may plasticize materials. 使用预聚物有助于热能的散发，但遇到的问题是未反应的单体被包在聚合物中，这会产生一种不愉快的臭味，而且会是材料塑化。8、 Alternatively,homopolymers can be formed which have end-groups amenable to removal by, for example, high-energy radiation or ultra-violet light. 另外，还可生成一类均聚物，它们带有的端基是可以用高能辐射或紫外光来除去的。Chapter39、 The ability of polymers to crystallize, set by considerations of symmetry and steric effects, has major importance here, as do the flexibility of the chain bonds and the number, nature, and spacing of polar groups. 在这里，聚合物的结晶能力是非常重要的，这种结晶能力可以通过考虑其对称性和空间效应来决定，同样重要的因素还有链键的柔顺性、极性基团的数目、性质和它们之间的空间距离等。10、For many polymers an upper limit to Mw is set by fabrication requirements on the melt viscosity. At the same time, a lower limit on Mn may be set by requirements involving tensile strength, brittleness, ro other mechanical properties. In such cases, which include polypropylene and probably other polyolefins, the best balance of properties is achieved when the distribution of molecular weights is made as narrow as possible. 对于许多聚合物，加个生产对熔体粘度的要求决定了Mw的上限，同时，抗张强度、脆性或其他力学性能的要求决定了Mn的下限，在聚丙烯，或许还有其他的聚烯烃的情况下，只有分子量分布尽可能窄，才能获得最好的综合性能。11、However, the anticipated gain in case of fabrication on decreasing Mw at constant Mn may not be fully realized, since fabricability depends upon melt viscosity at high shear stress. In contrast to low shear (Newtonian) viscosity, which depends upon Mw, high-shear viscosity depends on a molecular-weight average between Mw and Mn.然而在Mn恒定的情况下，靠降低Mw来使加工制造更为容易是不完全现实的，因为，加工性依赖于高剪切应力下的熔体粘度，与低剪切（Newton）粘度依赖于Mw的情况不同，高剪切粘度（不依赖于Mw），而与Mw与Mn之间的一个分子量平均值有关。12、Polymers with smaller, finer-textured spherulies tend to fail at high elongations after drawing, while those with large, coarse spherulites often fail by brittle fracture between spherulites as low elongations.具有结构精细致密的小球晶的聚合物在拉伸以后，在高的伸长下才被破坏，而具有结构粗糙的球晶的那些聚合物在低的伸长下，经常由于球晶之间的脆性破裂而破坏。Chapter413、Cycle times (and therefore production rates) sometimes depends on plasticizing capacity (the rate at which the material can be melted), but more often than not they are limited by the cooling time in the mold, which is in turn established by the thickness of the part and the (usually very low) thermal diffusivity of the material.循环周期（与生产率相应）有时取决于塑化能力，但更多地受到模具中冷却时间的限制，而冷却时间又取决于制品的厚度和（通常很低的）材料的热扩散率。14、It is often tempting to try to reduce cooling time by lowering the mold temperature, thereby increasing the cooling rate, and/or by lowering the temperature at which the material is injected into the mold, reducing the amount it must be cooled before solidifying enough to allow removal from the mold without distortion.值得一试的是通过减低模温从而提高冷却速度的方法，或通过降低材料注射时的温度从而减少必须冷却的热量使材料凝固到足以可从模具内取出而不会变形的方法来减少冷却时间。15、But if the material cures too fast, it will not have enough time to fill thin sections and far corners of the mold, and so a compromise must be reached.但是如果材料固化得太快，它就没有足够的时间去充满模具中断面较薄的部分和较远的四角，所以必须取折中的方法。16、Vented extruders incorporate a section in which a vacuum is applied to the melt to remove volatiles, such as traces of unreacted monomer, moisture, solvent from the polymerization process, or degradation products.排气式挤出机加入了一段可对熔体抽真空的部分，以抽去挥发成分，如微量未反应的单体、湿气、聚合工艺中的溶剂或降解产物。17、Many blow-molding extruders are equipped with parison programmers, which vary the orifice diameter as the parison is being extruded, providing any desired variation in wall thickness in the blown product.很多吹塑挤出机配备有型坯编程器，它在型坯被挤出时调节口模的直径，从而使吹塑产品的壁厚有所要求的差异。18、Basically, a calender consists of a series rotating heated rolls, between which the polymer compound (most often plasticized PVC) is squeezed into sheet form, the thickness of the sheet being determined by the clearance between the rolls.压延机基本上由几个旋转的加热的辊筒组成，聚合物（通常是软聚氯乙烯）在辊筒之间被挤出成薄片，其厚度则决定于辊筒之间的间隙。19、The liquid might be a nonsolvent for the polymer, precipitating it from solution as the solvent diffuses outward into the nonsolvent.该液体可能是聚合物的非溶剂，当溶剂向外扩散到非溶剂中时，聚合物就从溶液中沉淀出来。Chapter520、A wide variety of silane coupling agents is available, with the functional groups optimized for use with various polymers and substrates.各种各样的硅烷偶联剂均可获得，且其上的官能团可根据不同的聚合物和不同的基质进行优化使用。21、Single resins (resoles) are made using the final desired reactant ratio, about 1/1.phenol/formaldehyde, but stopping the reaction short of crosslinking.一步法树脂（可溶性酚醛树脂）是按最终所需的反应物料比（约1/1.5苯酚/甲醛）来进行的，然而，在该法中，如果停止反应，则将导致交联不够。22、When the beads are placed in a mold and heated (usually with steam), the pentane volatilizes, expanding the beads against each other and the mold walls.当把聚苯乙烯珠粒放入模型中并加热（通常用水蒸气加热）时，戊烷挥发，同时将（聚苯乙烯）珠粒膨胀，使得珠粒相互之间以及和模壁之间紧紧依靠着 。23、The introduction of so-called thermoplastic elastomers (actually rubberrs) has got around the requirement for crosslinking in the strictest sense of the term-covalent bonding between chains.所谓热塑性弹性体（弹性体实际上指橡胶）的引入，就避开了“链间共价键合”这一术语对“交联”的意义的严格要求。24、These polystyrene domains, being below their glass transition temperature(100) at nomal use temperature, are rigid and act to tie together the long, flexible polybutadience segments (above their Tg) as do ordinary crosslinks.由于通常的使用温度低于聚苯乙烯的玻璃化转变温度（100），因此，在通常的使用温度下，聚苯乙烯微区呈现出刚性，并起着将长长的柔顺的聚丁二烯链段（处于Tg温度以上）束缚在一起的作用，就像通常的交联所起的作用一样。25、Projecting figures showing the icreasing levels of black and oil in rubber compounds, it appears that there soon wont be polymer left.工程图谱显示出橡胶混合物中越来越高的碳黑和填充油的含量水平，看来，很快就不会有任何聚合物剩下了。26、All successful fiber-forming polymers are crystallizable, and so from a molecular standpoint, the polymer must have polar groups between which strong hydrogen bonding holds the chains in a crystal lattice (e.g.polyacrylonitrile, nylons) or be sufficiently regular to pack closely in a lattice held together by dispersion force (e.g. isotatic polypropylene).所有成功的成纤聚合物都是可结晶的，因此，从分子观点看，成纤聚合物必须具有极性基团，而由此所形成的强氢键会促使大分子链砌入结晶晶格（例如，聚丙烯晴、尼龙）；或者，成纤聚合物必须具有足够高的规整度，以使其能紧密地排列在通过弥散力维系在一起的晶格中（如等规聚丙烯）。27、The chains of polyacrylonitrile, for example, while possessing the necessary polar sites for dye attachment in abundance, are so strongly bound to each other that it is difficult for the dye to penetrate.例如，尽管聚丙烯晴分子链具有大量供染料分子反应所必要的极性基团反应场所，但由于聚丙烯晴分子链间相互键合得非常牢固，以致染料分子很难穿透过去。28、The main rheological property desired is thixotropy which gives a high viscosity to prevent the settling of pigments and sagging and dripping of the applied film, together with a lower viscosity under the shearing of brashing or rolling for easy application.所需要的主要的流变性是触变性，触变性给出高粘度，以防止颜料凝聚和施工膜流挂滴落，但在刷涂和辊涂的剪切作用下，具有低的粘度而易于涂刷。29、This material, being tetrafunctional, will cur