机械设计及其自动化专业英语翻译23到28单元.docx

Unit 23 what is “Mechatronics”?“Mechatronics” is a term coined by the Japanese to describe the integration of mechanical and electronic engineering .The concept may seem to be anything but new, since we can look around us and see a myriad of products that utilize both Mechanical and electronic disciplines .Mechatronics , however , specially refers to a multidisciplined, integrated approach to product and manufacturing system design. It represents the next generation of machines, robots, and smart mechanisms necessary for carrying out work in a variety of environments-primarily, factory automation, office automation, and home automation as shown in Fig.23.1.译文：“机电一体化“是一个有日本人描述机械和电子集成的合成术语。这个概念看上去不再新颖，自从我们能观察四周和看到无数那些利用机械和电子学科的产品。机电一体化，然而，特别是涉及到许多学科，结合方法去生产和制造系统设计。他代表下一代机械，机器人和灵巧机构必须执行工作在各种环境，首要的，工厂自动化，办公自动化，家庭自动化如图23.1所示。By both implication and application, mechatronics represents a new level of integration for advanced manufacturing technology and processes. The intent is to force a multidisciplinary approach to these systems as well as to第1/9页reemphasize the role of process understanding and control. This mechatronic approach is currently speeding up the already-rapid Japanese process for transforming ideas into products. 译文：通过两个含义和应用，机电一体化代表了一个集成先进制造技术和过程的新水平。目的是将一个多学科的方法用到这些系统以及反复强调过程的作用的理解和控制。这个机械电子的方法目前加快了日本人已经将观念转化到产品的快速进程。Currently, mechatronics describes the Japanese practice of using fully integrated teams of product designers, manufacturing, purchasing, and marketing personnel acting in concert with each other to design both the product and the manufacturing system.译文：目前，机电一体化阐述了日本人使用充分结合的队伍的实践，这一队伍包括产品设计者、制造人员、采购人员，他们相互一致行动，既设计产品又设计制造系统。The Japanese recognized that the future in production innovation would belong to those who learned how to optimize the marriage between electronic and mechanical systems. They realized, in particular, that the need for this optimization would be most intense in application of advanced manufacturing第2/9页and production systems where artificial intelligence, expert systems, smart robots, and advanced manufacturing technology systems would create the next generation of tools to be used in the factory of the future.日本人意识到生产创新的未来会属于那些掌握了怎样使电子和机械系统结合得最优的人。他们认识到在用人工智能，专家系统，灵巧机器和先进制造技术来制造出将来工厂要使用到的新一代工具的制造和生产系统，尤其需要这种机电一体化的结合。From the very beginnings of recorded time, mechanical systems have found their way into every aspect of our society. Our simplest mechanisms, such as gears, pulleys, springs, and wheels, have provided the basis for our tools. Our electronics technology, on the other hand, is completely twentieth-century, all of it created within the past 75 years.自有时间记录以来，机械系统出现在了我们社会的每一个方向。我们最简单的机构，例如：齿轮、滑轮、弹簧、和轮子，组成了人类工具的基础。在另一方面，我们的电子技术在过去的75年里创造了整个二十世纪。Until now, the electronics were included to enhance mechanical systems performance, but the emphasis remained on the mechanical product. There had never been any master plan第3/9页on how the integration would be done. In the past, it had been done on a case-by-case basis. More recently, however, because of the overwhelming advances in the world of electronics and its capability to physically simplify mechanical configurations, the technical community began to reassess the marriage between these two disciplines.直到现在，电子产品被用于提高机械系统的性能，而且强调保留在机械产品中。在怎样做一体化方面从来没有总体规划，在过去，它是在一件一件的基础上制作出来的。然而，近年来，由于电子世界重要的先进性和它对机械外形的物理简化能力，技术界开始重新评估这两个学科之间的结合。The most obvious trend in the direction of mechatronic innovation can be observed in the automobile industry. There was a time when a car was primarily a mechanical marvel with a few electronic appendages.在机电一体化改革方向最明显的趋势可以在汽车行业观察到。曾经有一段时间，汽车主要是一个有几个电子附件组成的机械奇迹。 First came the starter motor, and then the generator, each maiking the original product a bit better than it was before. Then came solid-state electronics, and suddenly the mechanical marvel became an electro-mechanical marvel. Todays macine is第4/9页controlled by microprocessors, built by robots, and fault-analyzed by a computer connected to its “external ieterface connector”. Automo- tive mechanical engineers are no longer the masters of their creations.首先是起动机电机，然后是发生器，每个制造的原产品都比以前更好。然后是固体电子学，突然变成了一个电气机械的奇迹。今天的机器是由微处理器控制，建立了机器人，和故障分析的计算机连接到它的“外部接口连接器”。汽车的机械工程师不再是他们的创作大师。The process that describes the evolution of the automobile is somewhat typical of other products in our society. Electronics has repeatedly improved the performance of mechanical systems, but that innovation has been more by serendipity than by design. And that is the essence of mechatronics-the preplanned application of, mechanical and electronics technology to create an optimum product.这个过程,描述了在我们的社会中汽车的进化过程中有些典型的其他产品。电子一再提高机械系统的性能,但是,创新比设计更有可能。这是机电一体化应用的本质，机械和电子技术来创造一个最佳的产品。A recent U.S. Department of commerce report entitled “JTECHP anel report on Mechatronics in Japan” compared U.S. and Japanese research and development trends in specific areas of mechatronics technology. Except for a few areas, the technology necessary to accomplish the development of the next generation of systems embodying the principles of mechatronics is fully within the technological reach of the Japanese.最近美国商务部的报告题为“JTECH小组报告日本的机电一体化“相比美国和日本在特定领域的机电一体化技术的研究和发展趋势。除了少数地区,开发下一代系统需要创新技术体现机电一体化的原则上是必须在其技术达到的日本的程度Comparisons were made in three categories: basic research, advanced development,，and product implementation. Except for machine vision and software, Japanese basic research was comparable to the United States, with the Japanese closing in fast on machine vision system technology. Japanese artificial intelligence research is falling behind, primarily because the Japanese do not consider it an essential ingredient of their future systems, they appear capable of closing even that gap, if required . In the advanced development and product implementation areas, Japan is equal to or better than the United States, and is continuing to pull ahead at this time . 特别是在三个方面:基础研究、先进的开发,和产品实现。除了机器视第6/9页觉和软件,日本的基本研究与美国的相提并论,日本的机器视觉系统技术开发的较快. .日本的人工智能研究落后,主要是因为日本不考虑这是他们的未来的一个重要组成部分,他们表现出的系统关闭甚至差距,如果需要。在先进的开发和产品实现地区、日本接近或优于美国,将领先在一段时间The Department of Commerce report concluded that Japan is maintaining its position and is in some cases gaining ground over the United States in the application of mechatronics. Their progress in mechatronics is important because it addresses the very means for the next generation of data-driven advanced design and manufacturing technology. In fact, the Department of Commerce report concludes that this has created a regenerative effect on Japans manufacturing industries. To close the gap, we will need to go much further than creating new tools. If we accept the fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with electronics components will be the wave of the future, then we must also understand that the ripple effect will be felt all the way back to the university, where we now keep the two disciplines of mechanics and electronics separated and allow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions. New curricula must be created for a new hybrid engineer-a mechatronics engineer. Only then can be assured第7/9页that future generations of product designers and manufacturing engineers will fully seek excellence in these new techniques.商务部报告结束后日本保持它的地位，和在某些情况下美国在机电一体化技术的应用程序中获得地位。他们在机电一体化方面的进展是重要的，因为它涉及的数据驱动的下一代是手段先进的设计和制造技术。事实上，商务部报告的结论造成了对日本制造业再生的影响。 为了减小差距，我们需要进一步研究而不仅仅是制造新的机器，如果我们接受机械系统优化和电子元件将是未来的趋势，那么我们就不得不明白，它在大学中的的连锁反应，大学里，现在我们将机械学科和电子学科分离，而仅仅在偶然的会议上才会碰面，所以作为一个新的复合工程师，必须建立一门课程机电一体化工程师，只有这样，我们才能够确保将来的产品设计师和制造工程师能够利用好这些新技术。We need to rethink our present-day approach of separating our engineering staffs both from each other and from the production engineers. Living together and communicating individual knowledge will create a new synergistic effect on products. Maximum interaction will be the key to optimum designs and new product development.我们需要重新思考我们今天的做法，我们的工程技术人员都从对方从第8/9页生产工程师分离。个人知识的共同生活和沟通，将创建一个新的产品协同效应。最大程度的互动将是最佳的设计和新产品开发的关键 The definition of mechatronics is much more significant upside down. It will change the way we design and produce the next generation of high technology products. The nation that fully implements the rudiments of mechatronics and vigorously pursues it will lead the word to a new generation of technology innovation with all its profound implications.机电仪一体化的定义是更加重大颠倒的。它将改变我们设计并且引起高科技产品的下一代的方式。国家，充分实现了机电一体化技术的基本原理和大力追求它将带领这个词对一代新的技术创新具有其深远的影响。第二十五单元Industrial robots became a reality in the early 1960s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.(工业机器人在1960 年初成为了现实，是由约瑟夫 和乔治德沃尔联合起来形成一个他们叫 Unimation 的机器人技术公司。)A robot is not simply another automated machine.(机器人不只是另一个自动化机械。)Automation began during the industrial revolution with machine that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. (自动化开始于机器工业革命期间，它能够执行以前人类工人的作业。) Such a machine, however, can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs. (这样一台机器，然而，只能做给它的设计的具体的工作，而一个机器人可以执行各种作业。)A robot must have an arm. (机器人必须有一个手臂。) The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machine, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machine. (手臂必须能够复制一个人的工人在装卸等自动化机器，喷漆，焊接，以及执行成百上千的其他不能很容易地完成传统的自动化机器的作业。)Definition of A RobotThe Robot Industries Association (RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots.（ 机器人工业协会 (RIA) 发表了一个定义为机器人，试图澄清哪些机器是只是自动化的机器和哪些机器是真正的机器人。） The RIA definition is as follows:（RIA 的定义，如下所示：）A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety tasks.（机器人就是一种可重复编程的多功能操纵器，旨在通过各种任务的性能变量编程议案移动材料，零件，工具或专用设备。）This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. （这一定义，这是比一个在这本书的末尾的 RIA 词汇表中更广泛，是一种优秀的机器人定义。）We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.（我们将着眼于这一定义，在一段时间内这都是一个短语，只要去了解哪些机器其实是机器人及哪些机器仅仅是特殊的自动化机械。）First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.”（ 首先，机器人是“可再程序化的多功能操作器”。）In this phrase RIA第2/6页tells us that a robot can be taught (reprogrammed) to do more than one job by changing the information stored in its memory. （RIA 中这句话告诉我们一个机器人可以通过更改其内存中存储的信息来教授（再次编程）它去做多个作业。） A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do many other jobs (multifunctional). （机器人可以被重新编程去加载和卸载机器，焊缝，和做很多其他工作(多功能。) A robot is a “manipulator”.（机器人是一种机械手，能够用手臂 （或手）去拿起或移动东西。）A manipulator is an arm (or hand) that can pick up or moving things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.（在这一点上我们知道一个机器人相当于一只手臂，可以教给它做不同的工作。）The definition goes on to say that a robot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices”.（该定义上说，机器人“旨在移动材料，零件，或者特殊的设备”。）Material includes wood, steel, plastic, cardboard. anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.（材料包括木材，钢材，塑料，纸板.用于制造一个产品的任何东西。）A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. （机器人还可以处理已经生产的零件。） For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.（例如，一个机器人可以加载一块刚到自动车床和从车床上卸载一个第3/6页已经完成的零件。）In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.（除了处理材料和零件，一个机器人可配备工具，如磨床、 缓冲剂，螺丝刀，和焊接气炬来执行有用的工作。）Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant.（机器人也可以配备特殊的仪器或设备在制造工厂做特殊的工作。）Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products.（机器人可以装有电视摄像机，用于检查零件或产品。）They can be fitted with lasers to accurately measure the size of parts being manufactured.(它们可以配用激光准确地测量所制造的部件的大小。)The RIA definition closes with the phrase, “through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”( RIA定义接近一个短语，“. 通过可变的编程的运动给各种各样的任务”。) This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. (这句话强调的事实是一个机器人在制造工厂可以做很多不同的工作。)The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.(机器人可以做的各种工作只能由应用工程师的创造力来限制的。)Jobs for RobotsJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories: hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.（由机器人来完成的工作可以分为两个主要类别： 危险作业和重复性作业。）Hazardous jobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. （机器人的许多应用程序是在对人类有危险的工作。）Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation.（这些工作可被认为是有危险的，由于有毒烟雾，被处理的材料的重量，被处理的材料的温度，这些工作附近的旋转或重压的机械，或含有高剂量辐射的环境中。）Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doing extremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants. （除了接管危险的工作，机器人很适合于在制造厂做重复的但必须做工作。）Many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. （许多工作在制造厂要求，更像是一第5/6页台机器，不是像人一样的人。）The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. （这份工作可能从这里接一片，并将其放置在那里。）The job requires little or no judgment and little or skill. （工作的要求很少或没有判断和小到不要技能。）The same job is done hundreds of times each day. （同样的工作是做数百次的每一天。）This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job, but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products.（这不是一个批评对做工作的人，但纯粹为了指出这些作业的许多行业中存在和必须完成才能完成产品的生产。）A robot can be placed at such a work station and can be perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.(机器人可以放在这种工作站，并且可以极好的执行作业而没有抱怨或者通常的疲劳和厌烦这样一份工作的体验。)第二十七单元Flexible Manufacturing SystemsFlexible Manufacturing System DefinedThe evolution of manufacturing can be represented graphically as a continuum as shown in Fig. 27.1. As this figure shows, manufacturing processes and systems are in a state of transition from manual operation to the eventual realization of fully integrated manufacturing. The step preceding computer-integrated manufacturing is called flexible manufacturing.Flexibility is an important characteristic in the modern manufacturing setting. It means that a manufacturing system is versatile and adaptable, while also capable of handling relatively high production runs. A flexible manufacturing system is versatile in that it can produce a variety of parts. It is adaptable in that it can be quickly modified to produce a completely different line of parts. This flexibility can be the difference between success and failure in a competitive international marketplace.It is a matter of balance. Stand-alone computer numerical control (CNC) machines have a high degree of flexibility, but are capable of relatively low-volume production runs. At the opposite end of the spectrum, transfer lines are capable of high-volume runs, but they are not very flexible. Flexible manufacturing is an attempt to use technology in such a way as to achieve the optimum balance between flexibility and production runs. These technologies include automated materials handling, group technology, and computer and distributed numerical control.A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is an individual machine or group of machines served by an automated materials handling system that is computer controlled and has a tool handling capability. Because of its tool handling capability and computer control, such a system can be continually reconfigured to manufacture a wide variety of parts. This is why it is called a flexible manufacturing system.The key elements necessary for a manufacturing system to qualify as an FMS are as follows: computer control;automated materials handling capability;tool handling capability.Flexible manufacturing represents a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing in that it involves integration of automated production processes. In flexible manufacturing, the automated manufacturing machine (i. e. , lathe, mill, drill) and the automated materials handling system share instantaneous communication via a computer network. This is integration on a small scale. Overview of Flexible ManufacturingFlexible manufacturing takes a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing by integrating several automated manufacturing concepts:Computer numerical control (CNC) of individual machine tools;Distributed numerical control (DNC) of manufacturing systems;Automated materials handling systems;Group technology (families of parts).When these automated processes, machines, and concepts are brought together in one integrated system, an FMS is the result. Humans and computers play major roles in an FMS. The amount of human labor is much less than with a manually operated manufacturing system, of course. However, humans still play a vital role in the operation of an FMS. Human tasks include the followings:Equipment troubleshooting, maintenance, and repair;第1/6页Tool changing and setup;Loading and unloading the system;Data input;Changing of parts programs;Development of programs.Flexible manufacturing system equipment, like all manufacturing equipment, must be monitored for bugs, malfunctions, and breakdowns. When a problem is discovered, a human troubleshooter must identify its source and prescribe corrective m