滦南一中高中化学方程式(总).doc

高中化学方程式 一、非金属单质F2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸) 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)Cl2+H22HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3PCl5 3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Cl 2O2+3FeFe3O4S+H2H2S S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取) S+2CuCu2S (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2 P4+6H24PH3 S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2+2H2O S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O N2+O2 2NO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气) 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2SiO2 Si+CSiC(金刚砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 3、歧化反应 Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2OH+Cl+HClO） Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3C+SiO2SiC+2CO 二金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2 2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S（爆炸） 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si 4Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化) Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2 三非金属氢化物4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O 6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氢剂) NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2 H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应) 3、NH3的碱性： NH3+HX=NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）2H2O2=2H2O+O2 H2SH2+S 2HIH2+I2 四非金属氧化物2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应） 2SO2+O22SO3 SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2 CO2+2Mg2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)CO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2CO3+H2O 2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3 OH-+CO2=HCO3 CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+2+CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2 OH+CO2=HCO3 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3 CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NaHCO3 CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3 SiO2+CaOCaSiO3 (炼钢造渣)SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)五金属氧化物 2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2 2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O (Al2O3两性氧化物)六含氧酸 1、氧化性:2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O 2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2+2H2O H2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化 2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O (不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(浓)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O (不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O 4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2) 2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4 H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O 2HClO2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中) 4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中) 七碱 4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3八盐 2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2 2Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻铜线路版) 2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+ 2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 2Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I22FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加热) 2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-AgNO3+NH3H2O=AgOH+NH4NO3 AgNO3+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O 3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2 3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3Fe3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3 (血红色，用于Fe3+的特性检验)NH4INH3+HI NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2九、电离方程式H3PO4H+H2PO H2POH+HPO HPOH+POHFH+F H2SO3H+HSO HSOH+SOH2CO3H+ H+H2SH+ H+C6H5OHH+C6H5O- (苯酚不是酸，显酸性) HClOH+ClOBa(OH)2=Ba2+2OH Mg(OH)2Mg2+2OHAl(OH)3Al3+3OH 酸式电离：Al(OH)3H+H2OCa(OH)2=Ca2+2OH (澄清石灰水) Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH (石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离NaHSO4=H+Na+ NaHSO3=Na+HSO3- NaHCO3=Na+ NaHS=Na+HS NaH2PO4=Na+H2PO Na2HPO4=2Na+HPO Na3PO4=3Na+PO十、水解反应NH4Cl+H2ONH3H2O+HCl NH4+H2OH+NH3H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HCl Fe3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+ AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl Al3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4 (金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解)NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH (NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3电离大于水解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOH CO32-+H2OHCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOH S2-+H2OHS-+OHNaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HS-+H2OH2S+OH-CH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOH CH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OH C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH十一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2+Cl2 (-)2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH- 或 2H+2e-=H2 (+)2Cl -2e-=Cl2 2Cl-+2H2O2OH-+H2+Cl2 2CuSO4+2H2O2Cu+O2+2H2SO4 (-)2Cu2+ + 4e-=2Cu (+)2H2O - 4e-=O2+4H+ 或：4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O 4H2O4H+4OH- 2Cu2+2H2O 2Cu+O2+4H+ 2H2O2H2+O2酸性电解： (-) 4H+4e-=2H2 (+)2H2O-4e-=O2+4H+ 4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O 2H2OH2+O2碱性电解： (-) 4H2O+4e-=2H2+4OH- 或：4H+4e-=2H2 (+)4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O 2H2OH2+O22、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSO4电镀液镀件(-) Cu2+2e-=Cu纯铜(+) Cu2e-=Cu2+镀锌：ZnSO4电镀液镀件(-) Zn2+2e-=Zn纯锌(+) Zn2e-=Zn2+十二、原电池反应 XY(电解质溶液) 或 X/电解质溶液/Y干电池：ZnMnO2(NH4Cl糊状物) NH4Cl+H2O=NH3H2O+HCl Zn极(-) Zn2e-=Zn2+ (氧化反应)Cu极(+) 2MnO2+2H+2e-=Mn2O3+H2O (还原反应)化学方程式 Zn+2NH4Cl+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH3铅蓄电池：PbPbO2(浓硫酸)放电 Pb极 (-) Pb+H2SO42e-=PbSO4+2H+ (氧化反应)PbO2极 (+)PbO2+H2SO4+2H+2e-=PbSO4+2H2O (还原反应)化学方程式 Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2O PbPbO2(浓硫酸)充电 Pb极 (-) PbSO4+2H+2e-= Pb+H2SO4 (还原反应)PbO2极 (+)PbSO4+2H2O+2e-=PbO2+H2SO4+2H+ (氧化反应)化学方程式 2PbSO4+2H2O=Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4H2O2(NaOH) Pt极(-) 2H2+44e-=4H2O (氧化反应)Pt极(+) O2+2H2O+4e-=4 (还原反应)化学方程式 2H2+O2=2H2OCH4O2(NaOH) Pt极(-) CH4+108e-=+7H2O (氧化反应)Pt极(+) 2O2+4H2O+8e-=8 (还原反应)化学方程式 CH4+2O2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+3H2O有机部分催化剂1. CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br催化剂2. CH2 = CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH催化剂3. CH2 = CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br催化剂4. CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3CH3 催化剂5. nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH2-CH=CH-CH2 n 6. 2CH2 = CH2 + O2 2CH3CHO7. CHCH + Br2 CHBr = CHBr催化剂8. CHBr = CHBr+ Br2 CHBr2CHBr29. CHCH + HCl H2C = CHCl10. nCH2 = CH CH2CH n Cl Cl催化剂11. CHCH + H2O CH3CHO催化剂12. CaC2 + 2H2O CHCH+ Ca(OH)2浓硫酸13. + Br2 Br + HBr14. + HONO2 NO2 +H2O催化剂15 + 3H2 NO2NO2O2NCH3CH3催化剂 16. +3HONO2 +3H2O催化剂NaOH17. 3CHCH 18. CH3CH2Br + H2O CH3CH2OH + HBrH2O19. CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBrNaOH醇20. CH3CH2Br+ NaOH CH2 = CH2 + NaBr +H2O催化剂21. 2CH3CH2OH+2Na 2CH3CH2ONa + H222. 2CH3CH2OH+O2 2CH3CHO浓硫酸17023. CH3CH2OH CH2 = CH2+ H2O浓硫酸14024.C2H5OH+C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5+H2O25. OH+NaOH ONa+H2O26. OH+H2O O+H3O+OH27. ONa+H2O+CO2 OH+ NaHCO3BrBrOH28 +3Br2 +3HBrBr催化剂29. CH3CHO + H2 CH3CH2OH催化剂30. 2CH3CHO + O2 2CH3COOH31. CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH CH3COONH4 +