胡壮麟语言学课堂练习题.doc

Chapter one I. Blank-filling.1. Language is a system of _ _ symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is generally defined as the _ study of _.3. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of _.4. The property of _ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.5. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of _, and the other of _. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.II. True of False.1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.2. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary. 3. Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, while human beings do not have this genetic basis.5. Animals can not talk about the things except those about food, anger, enemy, etc. because the communicative signals of animals do not have the property of displacement.6. We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we can think about “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.7. When someone breaks a bowl or a plate on a special occasion in China, the people present are likely to say “sui sui ping an” as a means of controlling the magic forces which the believers feel it might affect their lives. This shows that language has an interpersonal function.8. Language is the instrument of thought, record of facts, and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud. This indicates that language has an expressive function.9. A babys babbling, widespread use of verbal dueling, poetry writing as well as self-singing all show that language can be used to amuse the speakers.III. Questions.1. How do you understand the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?2. What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?3. List the basic functions of language, define and exemplify each of them.Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsI.1._ is descriptive while _ is prescriptive. 2._ regards the spoken language as primary, not the written while _ over-emphasize the importance of the written form of language.3._ differs from _ also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.II.1. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle _.A. arbitrariness and creativityB. generalizations and abstractionsc. interpersonal relationshipD. performative functions2. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a _ function.A. recreational B. metalingualC. informativeD. performative3. According to _, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky4. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement5. “Dont end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformational D. functional6. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages proves the _ of language.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement7. Which of the following are correct descriptions of langue and parole?A. It was Chomsky that distinguished langue from parole.B. It was Saussure that distinguished langue from parole.C. Parole constitutes the immediately accessible data.D. The linguists proper object is the langue off each community.Multiple choice.1. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle _.A. arbitrariness and creativityB. generalizations and abstractionsC. interpersonal relationshipD. performative functions2. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a _ function.A. recreational B. metalingualC. informativeD. performative3. According to _, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky4. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement5. “Dont end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformational D. functional6. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages proves the _ of language.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement7. Which of the following are correct descriptions of langue and parole?A. It was Chomsky that distinguished langue from parole.B. It was Saussure that distinguished langue from parole.C. Parole constitutes the immediately accessible data.D. The linguists proper object is the langue off each community.Blank-filling.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be _.2. In modern linguistics, _ study seems to enjoy priority over _ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be foundations of a historical study.3. Langue refers to the _ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the _ of langue in actual use.4. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users _ of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual _ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Chapter two考研真题汇总I. Define the following terms. 1.Vowels (中山大学2003年考研试题)2.Cardinal vowels (中南大学2003年考研试题)3.Narrow transcription (复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001年考研试题)4.Diphthong (上海交通大学2003年考研试题) 5.Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. (南开大学2003年考研试题)6.Suprasegmental (南开大学2003年考研试题)II. Multiple Choice1. Of the three cavities, _ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nasal cavity B. pharynx cavity C. oral cavityC2. All syllables contain a _. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nucleus B. coda C. onsetA3. A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a _. (北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题)A. allophone B. phone C. phonemeC4. _ is one of the suprasegment-al features. (东南大学2002年考研试题)A. Stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. ToneD5. Narrow transcripion is the phonetic transcription with _. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. diacritics B. distinctive features C. voicing D. ArticulationA6. Velar refers to _. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. larynx B. soft palate C. alveolar D. pharynxB7. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stopA8. _ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. Nasality B. Voicing C. Aspiration D. RoundingC9. _ is not an English consonant. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. Labio-dental plosive B. Alveolar nasal C. Velar stop D. Dental fricativeA10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. random B. predictable C. variable D. IndependentB11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in _. (东南大学1999年考研试题)A. Chinese B. English C. both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese nor EnglishCIII. Blank Filling1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _, _, and _. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题 )2. Name five of English front vowels: _, _, _, _, _. (大连外国语学院2000年考研试题)i:, I, e, , a3. The sound p can be described with “ Voiceless, bilabial, stop”. (北京第二外国语学院2007年考研试题)4. In the production of a Velar sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)5. By the position of the Highest part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)6. In English, the sound b has the same phonetic features as the sound p except the feature of Voicing. (武汉大学2002年考研试题)7. The oral stops in English are _, _, _, _, _ and _. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)8. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (北京师范大学2002, 南开大学2003年考研试题) s, g, , , f, z, j, , 9. Divide the syllable of each of the following English words. Example: discuss: dis+cuss (吉林大学2000年考研试题)pushy; second; punish; people; logic; plantation.10. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets? (广东外语外贸大学2004年考研试题)pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel, ten, men, put, main, hit, eat, manIV. Short essay questions.1. What is free variation? And illustrate it with examples. (湖南师范大学2003年考研试题)2. What are the contrastive and complementary distributions in the isolation of Phonemes? Give examples. (大连外国语学院2001，2001年考研试题)3. What are the three parts of the vocal organs? (清华大学2000年考研试题)4. Give the phonetic term for each of the following locations in articulation. (北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题) Both lips, Teeth, Opening between vocal cords, Ridge behind upper teeth5. Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. (东南大学2002年考研试题)6. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北京外国语大学2002年考研试题)Chapter threeI. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.1. The study of sounds is divided into three main branches: _, _ and _ phonetics, each dealing with one part of the process of speech production and perception.2. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three important cavities. These three cavities are _, _ and _ cavity.3. The difference between a consonant and a vowel lies in whether there is air _ in the production of them.4. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called _, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonant. When the vocal cords do cause vibration, the sounds produced are _; otherwise they are named _ sounds.5. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without _.6. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a _.7. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of _ _.8. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong to _ phoneme(s); when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from _ phoneme(s); and finally when free variation is talked about, we understand that the sounds are derived from _ phoneme(s).9. In English, complementary distribution of allophones is required to meet two conditions, one condition is that they never occur in the _ _; the other is that they should share _ _.10. In English, the study of phonology has so far mainly found three phonological rules. They are _, _ and _.II. True or False.1. Phonetics