中考英语 时态讲解及练习课件.ppt

初中语法专题 一 时态 一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时 一般现在时 一 一般现在时 概念 经常 反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况 时间状语 always usually often sometimes everyweek day year month onceaweek onsundays etc 基本结构 be动词 行为动词否定形式 am is are not 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词 则在其前加don t 如主语为第三人称单数 则用doesn t 同时还原行为动词 一般疑问句 把be动词放于句首 用助动词do提问 如主语为第三人称单数 则用does 同时 还原行为动词 什么情况下用 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态 表示主语通常的能力 兴趣爱好 和性格特征 表示客观的事实或真理 表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为 只限于是go come leave arrive begin start takeoff stop be等表示开始或移动意义的词 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 主句用一般将来时 will 动词原形 从句中用一般现在时表将来 主将从现 当主语是第三人称时 谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式 加 s es 除此之外都用动词原形 动词第三人称单数形式变化规则 1 he be am is are ateacheratno 2middleschool 2 he have has classesintheafternoon 3 he get gets upathalfpastsixeverymorning 4 healways come comes toschoolontime 5 he study studies veryhardathislesson 6 oneandtwo be is are three 7 blueandyellow make makes green 8 theearth move moves roundthesun 9 iwillgothereifi be willbe am is are freetomorrow 10 iwillgotherewheni have willhave has timetomorrow 11 hewon tcometothepartyunlesshe be willbe am is are invited 12 i llwaithereuntilmymother come comes willcome back 13 pleasereturnthebooktothelibraryassoonasyou finish finishes willfinish readingit 14 onceyou see sees willsee him youwillneverforgethim 一般过去时 概念 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 过去习惯性 经常性的动作 行为 时间状语 ago yesterday thedaybeforeyesterday lastweek year night month in1989 justnow attheageof5 oneday longlongago onceuponatime etc 基本结构 be动词 行为动词否定形式 was were not 在行为动词前加didn t 同时还原行为动词 一般疑问句 was或were放于句首 用助动词do的过去式did提问 同时还原行为动词 1 he be was were been hereamomentago 2 they be was were been herejustnow 3 thescientists leave leaves leaved left foramericayesterday 4 lastweekwe visit visited thesciencemuseum 5 wheniwasachild ioften play played football 6 thestudentsranoutoftheclassroomassoonasthebell ring rang rung 现在进行时 作谓语的动词用来表示动作 情况 发生时间的各种形式称为时态 1 概念 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为 2 时间状语 now atthistime days look listen等时间状语做标志 3 基本结构 主语 be doing 其他4 否定形式 主语 be not doing 其他5 一般疑问句 把be动词放于句首 6 用法 现在进行时表示1 现在 说话的瞬间 正在进行或发生的动作 强调 此时此刻 e g heisreading theyaretalkingnow 2 当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 e g theyareworkingthesedays 3 某些动词的现在进行时 表预定的计划或即将发生的动作 e giamcoming 现在分词的变法有1 一般在动词词尾加上 ing e g jump2 以不发音字母e结尾的动词 先去e 再加 ing e ghavewrite3 以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词 它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写 再加上 ing e g sitput其句式变换都在be上做文章 1 i write amwriting iswriting arewriting aletternow 2 look it begin isbeginning ambeginning arebeginning torain 3 they study isstudying amstudying arestudying medicineatthemedicalinstituteofchengdethesedays 4 he teach amteaching isteaching areteaching anenglishlessonatthistime 过去进行时 1 概念 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作 2 时间状语 atthistimeyesterday atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等 3 基本结构主语 was were doing 其他4 否定形式 主语 was were not doing 其他5 一般疑问句 把was或were放于句首 第一个字母大写 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章 过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用 如lastnight atthattime atnoonyesterday lastsunday等 也有时没有时间状语 要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时 1 i cook cooked wascooking werecooking breakfastwhenyouarrived 2 what you do did was doing were doing atthistimeyesterdayevening 3 we have arehaving had werehaving dinnerwhenthedoorbellrang 4 while when aswe have had arehaving werehaving dinner thedoorbellrang 一般将来时 构成 will shall 动词原形 其中shall只用于第一人称 begoingto 动词原形 表示主观打算 按计划 安排要发生的事情 beto 动词原形 表示客观安排 beaboutto 不定式 意为马上要做某事 正要做某事 某些动词 可用进行时态表将来 如come go arrive leave 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 主句用一般将来时 will 动词原形 从句中用一般现在时表将来 一般现在时可表示按时间表发生的将来的动作 限start begin arrive end close leave 等表示开始或移动意义的词 时间状语 tomorrow nextday week month year soon inafewminutes by thedayaftertomorrow etc 否定形式 主语 am is arenotgoingtodo 主语 will shallnotdo 其他一般疑问句 be放于句首 will shall提到句首 e g shewillbebackinthreedays shewillnotbebackinthreedays willshebebackinthreedays theyaregoingtocleantheirclassroom theyarenotgoingtocleantheirclassroom aretheygoingtocleantheirclassroom 1 you adoctorwhenyougrowup awill goingtobebare goingtobecare dwill be2idon tknowifhisuncle ithinkhe ifitdoesn train awillcome comesbwillcome willcomeccomes comesdcomes willcome3hewillbeback afewminutes awithbforcondin4whattime wemeetatthegatetomorrow awillbshallcdodare5hewillhaveaholidayassoonashe theworknextweek afinishesbdoesn tfinishcwillfinishdwon tfinish 6there someshowersthisafternoon awillbebwillhavecisgoingtobedaregoingtohave7it mybrother sbirthdaytomorrow she aparty aisgoingtobe willhavebwillbe ishavingcwillbe isgoingtohavedwillhave isgoingtobe8limingis10yearsoldnow nextyearhe 11 aisbisgoingtobecwillbedwilltobe 过去将来时 构成 would 动词原形 或将来时的其它过去构成形式wasgoingtodo 表示以过去某一时间为参照 在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 在宾语从句及间接引语中 时态呼应 经常会用到过去将来时 如ithoughtitwasgoingtobefun 时间状语 soon thenextday that clause 名词性从句或上下文中 1 itoldmyfriendthati should wouldarrive shall willarrive soon 2 theylookedatthosecloudsoverthesky it isgoingtorain wasgoingtorain 3 theysaidthatthey aretomeet weretomeet atthegatethenextday 4 we areabouttogo wereabouttogo outwhenitstartedtorain 现在完成时 1 概念 表示发生在过去 持续到现在 可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态 甚至延续到将来 并对现在造成一定的影响或结果 常与since 过去时 间 for 一段时间连用 表示与现在有联系的过去的动作 2 时间状语 yet already just never ever sofar bynow since 时间点 for 时间段 recently lately inthepastfewyears etc 3 基本结构 主语 have has p p 过去分词 其他 4 否定形式 主语 have has not p p 过去分词 其他5 一般疑问句 have has 主语 p p 过去分词 其他 非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性 常见的有come go arrive leave begin start buy join die buy find stop become open borrow lend appear close fall finish sell lose kill等 这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用 但是 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续 可与for since等时间状语连用 有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中 其实 错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配 与现在完成时态无关 延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用在具体的语言环境中 往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况 由于受汉语影响 往往错误地直译为 hehasfallenasleepforanhour 他睡了一小时了 hisfatherhasdiedforthreeyears 他父亲去世三年了 当出现这种情况时 我们往往采取以下解决方法 1 将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词 所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态 如 hehasbeenasleepforanhour fallasleep 入睡 为短暂动作 但beasleep 睡着 则为状态动词 可延续 hisfatherhasbeendeadforthreeyears die为短暂动词 死 后的状态可用 bedead 这种系表结构来描述 可延续 常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类 gothere bethere comeback beback borrow keep buy catch have arrive bein begin beon open beopen close beclosed die bedead leave beawayfrom getup beup fallasleep beasleep become be join bein amemberof receive have catch getacold haveacold getmarried bemarried come bein finish beover leaver beaway have has been和have has gone的区别havebeentoaplace意思是 到过 去过 表示曾到过某处 但现在人不在那儿 havegonetoaplace表示 去了 已经去了某地 现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了 youhave atallyoungman agrownbgrownintocgrownusdgrownup2 hehas thewatchforayear abuybboughtchavedhad3 hasyourbrother thedog akeptinbfedcfedondkepton4 i thisbookfortwoweeks ihavetoreturnitnow aborrowedbhaveborrowedckeptdhavekept5 haveyouever tothegreatwall it sverybeautiful agonebbeencwentdgo6 herbrother thepartysince1978 ajoinedbhasjoinedchasbeenindwasin7 thegreens manyplacesofinterestsincetheycametochina awillvisitbvisitedchavevisiteddvisit 8i msorry i yourname ahadforgottenbforgotchaveforgottendforgotten9thebookshop foreightyears ahasbeenopenbhasbeenopenedchasopeneddhasopen10wehave allthepapersoweneedtobuysome ausedupbmadeofcfilledwithdhuntedfor11thefloweri grownup aplantedhasbplantedhavechasplanteddhaveplanted 巧解现在完成时态题 技巧1 寻找现在完成时中的 段时间 1 现在完成时表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态 多和表示一段时间的状语连用 for 一段时间 since 点时间 since作连词后接从句时 该从句要用一般过去时 2 现在完成时态也用在含有during in overthelastyears或inrecentyears等的句子中 趁热打铁 1 theorientalpearltvtower tensofthousandsofvisitorssince1995 attractedb attractsc hasattractedd willattract2 howlong you here forabouttwoyearssofar have studiedb did livec do stayd were swimming3 howisyourfather i himforalongtime heisfine butbusy don tseeb hadn tseenc didn tseed haven tseen4 meimeihasreceivedseverallettersfromherhometownsinceshe tothecity a cameb comesc hascomed willcome 技巧2 寻找现在完成时的副词标志或句型 1 在做时态题时 注意观察句中是否有常用于现在完成时的副词 yet already never lately recently ever just before ever since等 2 句型 ithasbeen 段时间 since 过去时 也可以表示为 itis 段时间 since 过去时 趁热打铁 whatareyougoingtodothisweekend i yet haven tdecidedb won tdecidec havedecidedd didn tdecide2 mymother thewindowsalready sotheroomlooksmuchbrighter hascleanedb hadcleanedc iscleaningd willclean3 it tenyearssincewelast inbeijing was metb hasbeen metc was meetd is meet4 howlonghastheweatherbeenlikethis untillastnightb eversincelastnightc twodaysagod twodayslater 技巧3 把握havebeento与havegoneto的区别 havebeento曾经去过某处 现在已经不在那个地方 强调以前的经历 havegoneto去了某处 强调主语已经离开说话者所在的地方 现在还没有回来 趁热打铁 1 isthatjackspeaking sorry heisn tinrightnow he thecinemawithhisaunt hasbeentob hasgonetoc havebeentod havegoneto2 hello mayispeaktoyourfather please sorry myfather toshanghai hewenttherethismorning a goesb hasgonec hasbeend go3 howmanytimes you tobeijingthisyear threetimes have beenb had beenc have goned hadgone 技巧4 分清延续性动词和非延续性动词 延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的动词 如 have keep study live teach等 非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成的动词 如 begin buy borrow lend等 做题时 要注意句中是否有段时间 如果有则用延续性动词 趁热打铁 1 oh mrs king yourdresslooksnice isitnew no i itsincetwoyearsago hadb boughtc havehadd havebought2 tom thecdplayerfortwoweeks haslentb hasborrowedc hasboughtd hashad3 howlonghastheforeigner here hehas hereforseveralhours arrived comeb come gotc stayed beend left beenaway4 thefilm forhalfanhour hasbegunb ha