GRE5--学术英语写作特征.doc

第一部分：学术英语写作一 同义替换解决: solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle损害： damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize给与：give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford培养：develop, cultivate, foster优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength缺陷：disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness使迷惑：puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle重要的：key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative认为：think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced, contemplate, suppose, assume, maintain, insist, personally保护：protect, conserve, preserve, reserve确保：assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge有害的： bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental要求 ：request, demand, needs, requisition消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 困难: hard, complex, intricate, stubborn, complicated, sophisticated, tough, involved, intractable, stubborn, troublesome, tanglesome, perplexing, involuted导致： lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate, ignite, stimulate, spur, motivate, give rise to, arouse, render, evoke, trigger说明: show-reveal, reflect, convey, confirm, demonstrate, disclose, illuminate, indicate, illuminate, justify, signify, cast/throw light on/upon方法/解决: way, solution, approach, recipe, proposal, remedy, scheme, recommendation, measure, means分歧: difference, debate, divergence, controversy, dispute, disagreement普遍的/急迫的/流行的: popular, pervasive, prevalent, fashionable, rampant, pressing, urgent, burning, imperative因此：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this事实上：practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that换言之：namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.二 措词的用法要求A. 名词方法一：列举方法二：修饰（列举注重逻辑性，修饰注重有效性）eg: 列举greatest thinkers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotleenergies such as coal, gasoline, wind force, solar energy and nuclear powerThe dark side of technology includes nuclear weapons, global warming, pollution, psychological isolation of the electronic era修饰 Natures Way, which is a chain store dealing with the business of health food and health-related productsTechnology, which is often/mainly characterized by the great convenience in peoples work and life and the much enjoyment in peoples recreation and imagination, is now posing a threat to quality of peoples lives.B. 动词方法一：列举方法二：分词简洁表达eg: 列举We should study hard to broaden our horizons, to enlarge our scope of knowledge and to enrich our lives.Businesses pollute the environment, withhold important product information from consumers, pay employees substandard wages, and misrepresent their financial condition to current and potential shareholders. 分词简洁The governments, both the federal and the locals, offer fund to the formerly prosperous art world, triggering the inspiration of artists and activating the dormant art market. C. 形容词方法：列举simple but elegant effective and efficient effective but not efficient三 句子构建A. 插入语插入语的类型介词 in terms of, as a whole, for example/instance, from my perspective, at my standpoint, in my judgmenteg: Governments funding from both the central and local ones, in the financial terms/in terms of finance, will activate the dormant art market and offer some financial aid to those badly-off artists. Deforestation of the Amazon, for instance, is of vital concern to all those who wish to continue breathing.分词narrowly/broadly defined as, generally speaking, frankly-speaking, epitomized in Aristotleeg: Technology, broadly defined as the use of tools, has a long history.Generally speaking, the Greek philosophers, epitomized in Aristotle, attempted to set down rules for human behavior founded on logic.I believe that high technology, if correctly applied, can save far more lives at a lower cost if we manage it correctly.副词 however, nevertheless, thus, hence, therefore, thereaftereg: On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make extraordinarily efforts to ensure the preservation of any endangered species.短句 as I perceive, I am afraid, Sb contend, they may point to, I fear, Im afraid, as I perceive, as I am convinced, as I can visualizeeg: This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge.Governments funding, as I perceive, may to some extent pose a threat to the integrity of the arts.The newest technologies, we fear, are making us as flat as our screens, turning us into streams of bits of interchangeable data. We may know a lot of people, but we have few real friends. We have a lot of things to do, but no reason to do them.形容词短语 needless to say名词短语（ 同位解释）eg: Duke Ellington, perhaps jazz musics most prolific composer, continued to create new compositions until late in life.Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks.B. 平行结构and eg: the government and the general publicsome results from the academic research and in the real practice The government offers funding to the art market and sets up some reasonable art censorship system to supervise the development of the art world. The government offers funding the art market and the artists as well as the art producers strive to gain some individual financial support from the celebrities. bothandeg: both the central governments and the local onesboth artistic works and artistic developmenteitheroreg: either the preservation of the historic buildings or the development of modern construction is of more importanceneithernoreg: Neither the assertion nor the assumption presented in the argument is not well-reasoned.instead ofeg: I approve of preserving the historic buildings instead of developing the modern construction.rather thaneg: I approve of preserving the historic buildings rather than developing the modern constructionasaseg: Few problems on the American scene cause so much concern and wide spread public interest as do the problems of youthful misbehavior and delinquency. Few things have brought as much convenience and efficiency as have the invention of computers and wide application of digital products.more thaneg: Perhaps no change have characterized the past decade more dramatically/drastically/sharply than the explosion of new technologies of communication such as telephones and Internet. Certainly, no factors have determined the value of property more dramatically than the property markets themselves, the government financial policies and the quality of the houses.not onlybut alsoeg: To ensure a lasting development/growth of the art market, not only do the governments at different levels offer their funding to it but also some generous support from those celebrities in different circles is needed. To ensure a lasting development of the art market, not only is the generous support from those celebrities who are most concerned with art and the survival of artists needed but also the governments funding is strongly advocated. C. 名词化1) A continual exposure of a generation to the commercial exploitation of the enjoyment of violence and cruelty is one way to corrode the foundation of a civilized society.2) Although I anticipate for months, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of the actual day.Despite months of anticipation, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of the actual day.3) Devotion to that land has been the source of conflict in the last decade.4) A favorable orientation of towards retirement appeared to reflect constraints or resignation rather than choice. Primarily, retirement was associated with awareness of a declining state of health, with tiredness and with the strains and pressures of the work situation.5) She headed back to the privacy of her office, where she can pursue her specialized academic interests free of any possible interruption from students.6) Every trivial act is interpreted as a revelation of the moral philosophy of the individual actor.7) Watching too much TV will affect your studies.Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with ones studies.D. 改变开头为了使相邻的句子在结构上呈现变化的特征，可以交替使用下列不同的语法结构展开句子1) 名词作主语2) 介词短语作状语3) 副词作状语4) 状语从句5) 分词短语作状语6) 形容词短语作状语7) 主语从句8) 不定式短语作主语或状语9) 动名词作主语To begin with, even in such areas as computer science, where it is estimated that much of what a student learns today will be obsolete in just five years, an advanced degree and the education it represents will continue to be of benefit. Unlike undergraduate education, which is divided into a number of small educational units every term, post-baccalaureate education is concentrated on deeper learning in fewer areas. Moreover, most graduate education requires extended, critical focus on complex issues or research projects. And even if the technical information relevant to completing a graduate-level projec