词汇学Key to Chapter 6.doc

Key to Chapter 6（第5-8章答案由熊翩、明莹、徐红玲、杨倩、冯青云、肖尧、黄丽霞、季梦、吴舒君、阮姗、祝迪、刘芸、黄迪、牛楠楠、赵锐华、柴红娟、陈柳整理，在此致谢！）Polysemy1. Polysemy is a sense of relation that deals with words of more than one meaning. It is the result of semantic change.2. Take neck for example. It has five senses：（1）that part of a man or animal joining the head to the body；（2）that part of the garment；（3）the neck of an animal used as food；（4）a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object；（5）the narrowest part of anything. Of these five meanings，（1）is the meaning given to the word when it was created and all the rest were derived later in the process of development.3. A word develops its meaning through the process of either radiation or concatenation, and in many cases, of both.Radiation is a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning and each of the derived meanings are directly connected.Concatenation is a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning gives birth to a second meaning and this second meaning in turn gives birth to a third meaning and so on. Each of the derived meaning is related only to the previous meaning and there is no direct connection between the primary meaning to the latest developed meaning.4. The word board developed mainly through the process of concatenation but radiation also performed. It first denoted “a table” and later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the Original notion has disappeared as illustrated in the diagraph below.Homonymy1. Homonyms fall into three types: (1) perfect homonyms. (2) homographs and (3) homophones. Homonyms of type (1) are words with the same spelling and pronunciation, e.g. bank （银行）-bank(岸) ;words of type (2) are bow/（n.弓）-bow/(.鞠躬);those of type (3) are found /(.)- found /(past form of find ), ad/-add/ and so on.2. English homonyms came about mainly (1) by change in sound and spelling, i.e. words originally different in sound and spelling later coincided in sound and spelling through change (2) by borrowing, i.e. a native word forming homonyms with a borrowed word; (3)by shortening , i.e. a common word forming homonyms with a form shortened from another word.3. We can distinguish polysemants from homonyms by reference to the source and semantic relatedness. A polysemant has a single source whereas homonyms come from two different sources. A polysemant has different meanings which are related to one another while the meanings of the homonyms are not related at all.4. (1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for ones needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the ladys question.1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive)2) Dont complain. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread. All the butchers do the same.(2) Swallow is a bird who is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm. (3) Arms has two meanings: 1) weapons; 2) the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon-ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy1. Synonyms are the same in meaning. As mentioned before, meaning is a composite concept; there are different kinds of meaning. Even absolute synonyms may differ in one or more aspects, for example, one word may be more frequently used than the other such as word-buildingword-formation, compoundingcomposition. The two words of each pair are interchangeable, but some people prefer the first word of the pair and others like the other. In this sense, we can say there is no true synonymy in a natural language.2. Synonyms come from different sources, namely, (1) borrowing, i.e. native words forming synonyms with borrowed words or one foreign word becoming synonymous with another foreign word; (2) figurative and euphemistic use of words, i. e. some words forming synonyms with other words used figuratively or euphemistically, etc.3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle； obstructionvexation； annoyance4. a. cautious: implying a careful guard against possible dangers or risks careful: paying close attention so as to guard against error, injury etc .shrewd: showing good judgment gained from practical experience (not synonymous with the other two)b: calm free from excitement or nervous activity or strong fellingpeaceful: quite and calmserene: completely calm and peacefulc. decline: implying a polite denialrefuse: a more direct, even blunt term implying an emphatic denial object: feel or show opposition or disapproval ( not synonymous with the other two)d. postpone: arrange for an event to take place for a later timeadjourn (often passive) stop a meeting or a official process for a period of time, especially in a court of law delay: put off to a later time, interchangeable with postpone e. powerful :( of people) able to control or influence people or eventinfluential: having a lot of influence on sb or sth f. boy: a male child or young male person youth: (often derogatory)a young man ;a young people ,male or femalelad: (old fashioned or informal)a boy or a young mang. bachelor；a man who has never marriedwidower: a man whose wife has died and not married againman: an adult manh. zealous: ( formal, usually imperative) showing great energy and enthusiasmeager: felling or showing great desire; keenenthusiastic: showing lively interesti. fear: anxiety or distress caused by the awareness of danger or expectation of painhorror: great fear or disgustpanic: a sudden feeling of great fearj. summary: a short account outlining the main pointsprcis: (French borrowing) a summarydigest: a summary or shortened version; a collection of short reportsk. abuse: rude or insulting words said to or about sb; bad or cruel treatmentinsult: a rude or offensive remarkslander: a false statement intended to damage sb.l. amend: make changes in a rule or lawrectify: (formal) put right something that is wrongcorrect: make sth. right by changing it or removing mistakes; (of a teacher) mark the mistakes in a piece of work to give a mark or grade5. a. identifiable b. safety c. motivates d. delicate e. surroundings f. artificial g. prestige h. perspire i. accomplishment j. silent k. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spin turn whirl roll7. a. steed b. gee-gee c. ripe d. mature e. effective f. efficient g. fatigued; children h. tired; kids i. declined j. refused k. rancid l. addled m. Penalties n. fines o. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy1. Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. And antonyms are words opposite in meanings. 2. These antonyms represent true oppositeness of meaning: complementaries, contraries, converses. (1) Complementaries are nongradable and mutually exclusive, and allow no possibility in between and the assertion of one is the denial of the other, e.g. alivedead, truefalse.(2) Contraries are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other, e.g. oldyoung, farnear. (3) Conserves are relational opposites, showing social relation, e.g. employeremployee; reciprocal relation, e.g. teacherstudent, and spatial relation, e.g. aboveblow.3. Semantic inclusion refers to some pairs of antonyms, in which one word include the meaning of the other. Take manwoman, big small for example: (1) There is no man on the island.(implying no people at all including woman)(2) There is no woman on the island.(implying all the people are men)(3)How big is the stone?(the stone can be very small)(4)How small is the stone?(the stone can not be big )In examples (1) and (2), man include the meaning of woman; in (3) and (4), big covers the meaning of small. 4. Whether a word has antonyms or not depends on the senses of it. If the word has more than one sense, it may have over one antonym. Take clear for example:clear answer confusing/ambiguousclear mind muddled clear plastic bag opaque clear water dirty clear conscience guilty5. a. similar/same b. safe c. sharp/smart d. send e. stingy/selfish f. significant/sensible g. skeptical/suspicious h. simple i. sure j. slipshod / slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepless/sleep/slumber l. smooth m. subjective n. sob/scowl 6 a. old-fashioned b. completely c. moisture d. special e. essential f. similarity g. innocent h. rigid i. loosen j. clarity k. deserted l. fruitful m. peremptory n. depressed 7 a. feedstarve; coldfever b. wisdomfollies c. hasteleisure d. pennypound; wisefoolish e. speechsilence f. absencepresence g. admonishpraise; privatepublic h. youngold; saintdevil i. wise menfools j. mindbody k. foulfair l. dangersecurity m. deliberateprompt n. childrenparents o. bullycoward p. headtail 8. rightwrong singlereturn drysweet hardeasy strongfaint roughcalm lightdark coldwarm highlow/deep Hyponymy1. Hyponymy deals with relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is that of another more general word, e.g. rose is the hyponymy of flowers, and cat is the hyponym of animal. Rose and cat are specific words. They are included in flower and animals, which are general terms. 2. Superordinates are general terms and subordinates are specific words and superordinates include specific words in concept. Accordingly, flower and animal are superordinates and rose and cat are subordinates. 3. superordinate subordinatefurniture desk, chair, table, bedmatter liquid, gas, solid meat pork, beef, mutton go run, fly, walk 4. profession workplace surgeon clinic, hospital plumber houses, buildings lawyer office, law courts mechanic garage photographer studioforeman worksite, factory5.6. In the first pair, got, furniture, recently in sentence (a) are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in sentence (b), the threes words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So sentence (b) is better than sentence (a). In the second pair, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday in sentence (a) is superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news days, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respective in sentence (b), which can be described as subordinates. Si