非谓语动词复习纲要(三)——不定式.doc

非谓语动词复习纲要（三）不定式【基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。1.不定式做主语。不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. How long will it take you to complete the trip? 2.不定式做宾语。I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar. Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. 不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.以上句子中，it为形式宾语；difficult为宾语补足语；不定式短语to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。3.不定式做表语It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. 4.不定式做定语but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, that is about one in ten. Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. 5.不定式做状语Third, a lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants.本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的,可以用in order to或so as to ；有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lions attention. To become a top gymnist, it is important to start when very young. To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it. only to do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法，这种“结果”往往是预想不到的。Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.6.不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况：绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式；动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式；改为被动语态又必须用to 。What stores do you want me to order? But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water.And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future. I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play.下面的例子是1991年的高考试题，试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing答案为A。【相关知识及其运用】1.不定式的进行式当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.2.不定式的完成式同其他非谓语形式一样，不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。Im sorry to have done that, I didnt mean to be so rude. Between 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred. 3.不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式要用被动式。But some people dont want good farmland to be built on. (P.25, Senior Book2B)good farmland是句子的宾语，to be built on是宾语补足语，宾语和宾语补足语之间总是具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。因此，good farmland是不定式to be built on 的逻辑主语，同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系，不定式必须同被动式。He has asked to be introduced to the pianist.不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he，同时he同introduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动式。不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。The question is difficult to answer. The shirt is too small to wear.I find English easy to learn .、两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语，如for me一类，句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。4.不定式与疑问词连用 不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个名词性从句，可充当句子的主语、宾语和表语。Im not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. 5.不定式做定语时的有关问题不定式做定语时可以分为两类：不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming.不定式短语修饰the first countries，同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系，如果不能确立动宾关系或不定式为不及物动词，必须使用介词。Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moments rest. She had little money to live on. I really dont know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic)Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen)不定式做定语时，被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。以上述三个句子为例，to live on的执行者是she；to write about 的执行者是I；to write with的执行者则是me。因此，以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下，不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系，则用不定式的被动式。The action to be taken is correct.下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。-Have you got anything _ there?-No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same. A. to be taken B. been taken C. taken D. to take句子的主语you不是take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思，take的逻辑主语应该是说话者自己，因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为A。在 there be句型中，不定式做定语极为常见，但使用不定式的一般式和被动式意义不同。不定式的一般式表示“会有人去做”，通常可根据上下文在不定式前加一个逻辑主语。There are plenty of interesting places（for you） to visit. There was nowhere (for anybody) to hide. Here is a game to play. 如果使用不定式的被动式，则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词，不考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做，且整个句子往往含有情态意义。There is nothing to be gained by pretending. = Nothing can be gained by pretending.There is a lot of work to be done. = A lot of work has to be done.6.不定式的逻辑主语问题不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者，通常由介词for加名词、名词性词组或宾格代词构成，置于不定式符号to之前。Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travel.在“It is +形容词”结构的句子中，不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词for ,也可能用介词of。当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语构成逻辑上的主表关系时，介词用of，否则就用for。Is is very kind of you to give me so much help.= You are very kind to give me so much help.（不定式的逻辑主语you可以同形容词kind构成逻辑上的主表关系，介词用of）It is important for us to learn English well.不定式的逻辑主语us不能同important构成逻辑上的主表关系，因此用for。【高考及各地模拟试题选编】1.Toms parents do not allow Tom _swimming because they think he is too young. A. going B. to go C. go D. goes2.-Youve come just in time to help us. -Fine. What needs _? A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do3.-Have you decided when _? -Yes, tomorrow morning. A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leave4.Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut5.Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister. A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry6.Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C. do D. to be doing7.She pretended_ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not see8.Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made9.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 10.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive11.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking12.-Let me introduce myself. Im Albert. - _. A. What a pleasure B. Its my pleasure C. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased13._ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn14.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented15.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding16.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play17.Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning18.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 19.The patient was warned_ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating20.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone21.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make22.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. excepts23._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered24.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen25.The shirt looks tight on you. You seem _ weight. A. to put on B. to put up C. to have put on D. to have put up26.-How fortunate Mr. Li was _ to the USA for further study! - Have you heard from him recently? A. sent B. to be sent C. having been sent D. to have been sent27.-We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you? - Well, not yet. We have few _, Id say. A. chosen B. to choose C. to be chosen D. to choose from28.The house _ are for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built29.A middle-aged woman came _ to the bus stop only _ the bus had gone. A. to run; to find B. running; to find C. and ran; found D. running; finding30._ going to Shanghai on business next week. Do you have anything _ to your daughter? A. Im; to buy B. Youre; to buy C. Im; to be taken D. youre; to be taken31.-Where is George? He said he would meet me here at 3 oclock. - He seems _ with Mr. Brown in the office. A. to talk B. to be talking C. to have talked D. talking32.Whom had you better _ it? A. to let do B. let to do C. to let to do D. let do33.Those who want to separate Taiwan from the mainland are lifting a stone _ it dropped on their own feet. A. have B. to have C. only to have D. having34.You can never imagine what great difficulty I have _ your house? A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding35.-Why did you move the table over there? - _ the new sofa. A. Share room with B. To make room for C. Given room to D. Saving room for36.What way are you thinking of _ rid of the flies? A. to get B. getting C. being got D. to be getting37.-Do you have anything more _ ,sir? - No. You can have a rest or do something else. A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type38.Do you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance? A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discussed39.-Im trying to use this machine, but it wont start. - Let me show you how to start it. See, all you have to do is _ this button. A. to press B. press C. to turn D. turn40.For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only _ to come again the next day. A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. being told41.-What terrible weather ! I simply cant get the car _. - Why not try _the engine with hot water? A. starting; to fill B. start; filling C. started; to fill D. to start; filling42.-Im terribly sorry, but I seem _ a hole in the rug. - Oh, that is all right. A. burn B. to burn C. to have burnt D. to be burning43.It is impossible for anyone _ these photographs before, because Mr. Newman had them developed today. A. having seen B. to have seen C. to see D. seeing44._ the examination, all the students are studying hard. A. Dont fail B. Not failed C. Not failing D. Not to fail45.To read newspaper before going to bed seemed to me a rule _. A. to never break B. never to have brokenC. never to be breaking D. never to be broken46.The boy the teachers considered _ failed in the final exam, _ surprised them very much. A. to be the best; which B. as the best student; that C. to have been studying well; it D. such as a good student; which47.Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, fishing or watching TV? A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend48.Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ e