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无摩擦球阀设计

摘要：该设计是为了改善传统球阀的缺点而做的，传统球阀的缺点是摩擦大、使用寿命短、密封性能不好。此设计可以根据流体冲蚀磨损、腐蚀程度和工作压力来调整密封比压。轨道式无摩擦球阀是一种新型的球阀，它利用阀杆头部的斜面凸轮与导轨套螺旋槽的配合来实现球阀的无摩擦开启、关闭和金属密封的新型阀门；所以设计中的关键问题是要避免产生摩擦，密封要紧，最终达到高效率、高质量、耐用性等要求。本论文研究对轨道式无摩擦球阀的运动和动力分析方法，完成了球阀启闭运动轨迹、球体运动空间以及主要零部件的受力分析设计。该球阀具有启闭无磨损，关闭时压力可调节和启闭省力的优点；克服了普通球阀因密封比压大而使密封面容易磨损的缺点，延长了球阀的使用寿命。

关键词：无摩擦；球阀；轨道式；凸轮

Design of Non-Friction Ball Valve

Abstract: The design is to improve the shortcomings of traditional ball valve , and the shortcomings of traditional ball valve is friction, short life, sealing performance bad. According to this design`s fluid erosion, corrosion and pressure then the pressure was adjust sealed .Orbit Non-Friction Ball Valve is a new type of valve and realizes non-friction switching and metal pressurization of the valve by cam mechanism.This paper researches the design of Orbit Non-Fraction Ball Valve’s move and the analysis of dynamically. The paper puts forward the kinetic analysis method of Orbit Non-Fraction Ball Valve, analysising the track and motion space of the conglobulation for switching etc, and bring forward rule of its configuration design, designing its assembling body and main parts. This valve has a series of advantage, such as non-friction, the adjusting of pressure and laborsaving when it switches .Its pressurization is different from the usual whose pressurization is easy to destroy, which overcome the fault of the usual valves. So it has a longer life-span.

KeyWords: Orbit, Non-Friction, Ball Valve, Cam

第1章引言1

1.1课题来源1

1.2选题目的和意义1

1.3球阀的发展趋势2

1.4本文研究的主要内容2

第2章主要结构参数4

2.1.轨道式无摩擦球阀技术要求4

2.1.1技术参数4

2.1.2技术要求4

2.1.3型号及其含义4

2.2主要结构尺寸4

2.2.1球体直径4

2.2.2密封面宽度及压紧比压5

2.2.3密封比压6

2.2.4球阀结构长度及连接法兰尺寸6

第3章运动轨迹设计7

3.1球阀启闭运动轨迹7

3.1.1滚动启闭7

3.1.2球阀摆动7

3.1.3凸轮的轮廓8

3.2球阀下支承外形10

3.2.1滚动柱面与倒角半径10

3.2.2倒角中心点位置11

3.3.3滚动空间12

第4章结构设计和计算13

4.1阀杆机构受力状况13

4.1.1球阀受力状况13

4.1.2阀杆支承反力与支承结构型式选择14

4.1.3摩擦阻力扭矩16

4.1.4阀杆承受的轴向力18

4.2操作扭矩和手轮选择21

4.2.1操纵扭矩Mc21

4.2.2径D选择22

4.3零件设计与计算22

4.3.1具有螺旋导轨槽衬套的主要结构尺寸22

4.3.2球阀销轴接触强度23

4.3.3球阀下支承的接触强度24

第5章工作能力校核31

5.1工作寿命31

5.2实际工作压力的潜力估计31

5.2.1阀体壁厚承压能力31

5.2.2阀体与阀盖连接螺栓33

5.2.3阀盖连接法兰承载能力35

5.2.4阀杆头部承载能力37

5.3寿命和实际工作潜力估计38

5.3.1寿命估计38

5.3.2承压能力估计39

结论40

致谢41

参考文献42

参考文献

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[2]杨明忠,朱家诚.机械设计.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2001.1

[3]成都乘分阀门有限责任公司.轨道式无摩擦球阀技术要求，2000.9.5

[4]沈阳高中压阀门厂.阀门制造工艺. 北京：机械工业出版社，1984.6

[5]《机械设计手册》联合编写组.机械设计手册（二版）.北京：化学工业出版社，1979.2

[6]成大先.机械设计手册（常用工程材料）北京：化学工业出版社，2004.1

[7]机械工业部合肥通用机械研究所.阀门.北京：机械工业出版社，1981.12

[8]机械工程手册电机工程手册编辑委员会.机械工程手册（离心机阀门）. 北京：机械工业出版社，1979.1

[9]樊炳辉,云江.MDT.北京：清华大学出版社，1999.3

[10]汤从心.凸轮与凸轮机构基础.北京：国防工业出版社，1985.8

[11]莱昂斯.阀门技术手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1991.2

[12]马祖达,吴剑武.轨道球阀的特性与设计.阀门.1999年第四期

[13]姜钢琳.球阀材质与密封.阀门.2001.6

[14]王加新.球阀密封结构的分析与研究.阀门.2000.7

[15]王舟一.球阀金属密封副高温压力密封的探讨.流体机械.1999.4

[16]卜丹霞.如何延长球阀的使用寿命.阀门.1999.4

[17]杨源泉.阀门设计手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社.1992

[18]Paul E Allaire,Roger Fittro,et al.Eddy currents,magnetic flux and force in solid magnetic Zthrust bearing [C].In:proc.of the international Symposium on Magnetic Bearing , urich,1994:157-163.

[19]Yanhua Sun,Lie Yu.Eddy currents effects on radical active magnetic bearings with solid rotor [C].In:Proc.of The International Symposium on Magetic Bearing ,Japan,2002:361-367.

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内容简介：: NUMERICAL CONTROL Numerical control(N C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers， letters， and other symbols The numbers， letters， and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job When the job changes， the program of instructions is changed The capability to change the program is what makes N C suitable for low-and medium-volume production It is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools： point topoint and continuous path(also called contouring) Point to point machines use unsynchronized motors， with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement， or while only one motor is running Machines of this type are principally used for straight line cuts or for drilling or boring The N C system consists of the following components： data input， the tape reader with the control unit， feedback devices， and the metal cutting machine tool or other type of N C equipment Data input， also called“ man to control link”， may be provided to the machine tool manually， or entirely by automatic means Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials， pushbuttons， switches， or thumbwheel selectors These are located on a console near the machine Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer In most cases，pushbuttons， switches， and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases In practically all cases， information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards， punched tapes， or by magnetic tape Eight channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N C systems The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks Each block represents a machine function， a machining operation， or a combination of the two The entire N C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop Once installed， the tape is used again and again without further handling In this case， the operator simply loads and unloads the parts Punched tapes ale prepared on type writers with special tape punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system Tape production is rarely error-free Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer， in card punching or compilation， or as a ntsresult of physical damage to the tape during handling， etc Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape While the data on the tape is fed automatically， the actual programming steps ale done manually Before the coded tape may be prepared， the programmer， often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N C machine tool， determine the kind of material to be machined， calculate the speeds and feeds， and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence of operations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone， where， as each digit is dialed， it is stored When the entire number has been dialed， the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed Silicon photo diodes， located in the tape reader head on the control unit， detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape The light beams are converted to electrical energy， which is amplified to further strengthen the signal The signals are then sent to registersin the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine tool motion； otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool An N C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which， during the actual operation， records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape， and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified In an alternative system， called an open loop system， the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers There are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements ( tools,table,etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motions are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, tapping, or boring operations must be ntsperformed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, Consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable of point-to-point control. Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control. Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to as four-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements ( spindles, tables, etc ). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possible for two motions (axes )and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control ). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in the X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine structure With this system there is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unit In the event of an unexpected malfunction， the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical current If， for example， the table on a N C milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controller Because stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations， many N C systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torque Other systems are in use，however， which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to themechanical system， ale designed with special high torque stepping motors In this case， the motors have sufficient capacity to“ overpower the system in the event of ntsalmost any contingency The original N C used the closed loop system Of the two systems， closed and open loop， closed loop is more accurate and， as a consequence， is generally more expensive Initially， open loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors Recent advances in the development of electrohydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machine load applications MILLING Milling is a basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotatingcutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter In some cases the workpiece isstationary and the cutter is fed to the work In most instances a multiple tooth cutter is used so that the metal removal rate is high， and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass ofthe work The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece In some cases the teeth extend part way across one or both ends of the cylinder Because the milling principle provides rapid metal removal and can produce good surface finish， it is particularly well suited for mass-production work， and excellent milling machines have been developed for this purpose However， very accurate and versatile milling of a general-purpose nature also have been developed that are widely used in job-shop and tool and die work A shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size Types of Milling Operations Milling operations can be classified into two broad categories， each of which has several variations： 1 In peripheral milling a surface is generated by teeth located in the periphery of the cutter body； the surface is parallel with the axis of rotation of the cutter Both flat and formed surfaces san be produced by this method The cross section of the resulting surface corresponds to the axial contour of the cutter This procedure often is called slab milling 2 In face milling the generated flat surface is at right angles to the cutter axis and is the combined result of the actions of the portions of the teeth located on both the periphery and the face of the cutter The major portion of the cutting is done by the peripheral portions of the teeth with the face portions providing a finishing action The basic concepts of peripheral and face milling are illustrated in Fig 161 Peripheral milling operations usually are performed on machines having horizontal spindles， whereas face milling is done on both horizontal and vertical-spindle machines. Surface Generation in Milling Surfaces can be generated in milling by two ntsdistinct1y different methods depicted in Fig 16-2 Note that in up milling the cutter rotates against the direction of feed the workpiece， whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed As shown in Fig 16 2， the method of chip formation is quite different in the two cases In up milling the chip is very thin at the beginning ， where the tooth first contacts the work ， and increases in thickness,becoming a maximum where the tooth leaves the work The cutter tends to push the work along and lift it upward from the table This action tends to eliminate any effect of looseness in the feed screw and nut of the milling machine table and results in a smooth cut However， the action also tends to loosen the work from the clamping device so that greater clamping forcers must be employed. In addition the smoothness of the generated surface depends greatly on the sharpness of the cutting edges In down milling， maximum chip thickness occurs close to the point at which the tooth contacts the work Because the relative motion tends to pull the workpiece into the cutter， all possibility of looseness in the table feed screw must be eliminated if down milling is to be used It should never be attempted on machines that are not designed for this type of milling Inasmush as the material yields in approximately a tangential direction at the end of the tooth engagement， there is much less tendency for the machined surface to show tooth marks than when up milling is used Another considerable advantage of down milling is that the cutting force tends to hold the work against the machine table， permitting lower clamping force to be employed This is particularly advantageous when milling thin workpiece or when taking heavy cuts Sometimes a disadvantage of down milling is that the cutter teeth strike against the surface of the work at the beginning of each chip When the workpiece has a hard surface， such as castings do， this may cause the teeth to dull rapidly Milling Cutters Milling cutters Can be classified several ways One method is to group them into two broad classes， based on tooth relief， as follows： 1 Profile-cutters have relief provided on each tooth by grinding a small land back of the cutting edge The cutting edge may be straight or curved 2 In form or cam-relieved cutters the cross section of each tooth is an eccentric curve behind the cutting edge， thus providing relief All sections of the eccentric relief， parallel with the cutting edge， must have the same contour as the cutting edge Cutters of this type are sharpened by grinding only the face of the teeth， with the contour of the cutting edge thus remaining unchanged Another useful method of classification is according to the method of mounting the cutter Arbor cutters are those that have a center hole so they can be mounted on an arbor Shank cutters have either tapered or straight integral shank Those with tapered shanks can be mounted directly in the milling machine spindle， whereas straightshank cutters are held in a chuck Facing cutters usually are bolted to the end of a stub arbor Types of Milling Cutters Plain milling cutters are cylindrical or disk shaped，having straight or helical teeth on the periphery They are used for milling flat surfaces This type of operation is called plain or slab milling Each tooth in a helical cutter engages the work gradually， and usually more than one tooth cuts at a given ntstime This reduces shock and chattering tendencies and promotes a smoother surface Consequently, this type of cutter usually is preferred over one with straight teeth Side milling cutters are similar to plain milling cutters except that the teeth extend radially part way across one or both ends of the cylinder toward the center The teeth may be either straight or helical Frequently these cutters are relatively narrow， being disklike in shape. Two or more side milling cutters often are spaced on an arbor to make simultaneous parallel cuts， in an operation called straddle milling Interlocking slotting cutters consist of two cutters similar to side mills， but made to operate as a unit for milling slots The two cutters are adjusted to the desired width by inserting shims between them Staggered-tooth milling cutters are narrow cylindrical cutters having staggered teeth， and with alternate teeth having opposite helix angles They are ground to cut only on the periphery， but each tooth also has chip clearance ground on the protruding side These cutters have a free cutting action that makes them particularly effective in milling deep slots Metal-slitting saws are thin， plain milling cutters， usually from 1 32 to 3 16 inch thick， which have their sides slightly dished” to provide clearance and prevent binding.They usually have mo

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