同等学力申硕英语语法专项复习word打印版.doc

2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习之一：名词与代词一、总述名词：是表示人、物和抽象概念的名称的词。考察内容：名词的可数、不可数、名词的所有格、名词的数二、名词的分类1. 可数名词：有单复数之分，若名词为单数，通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。可数名词的复数构成规则：规则形式是在名词后加-s；但以sh，ch，s，x 和z 结尾的名词后加-es；辅音字母加-y 结尾的名词变y 为i，再加-es；f 或fe 结尾的名词将f、fe 变为-ves（比如：knife），但chief 、cliff 、grief 等只加-s。以s 结尾的某些表示疾病、学科、游戏及地理的名词和专有名词通常视作单数；一些名词单复数形式相同，如deer、sheep 等。特别注意：有些单数名词的形式，是集合名词，可以用作复数，如police，cattle，people，mankind等； 例如：Several hundred police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday. Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. 2. 不可数名词：通常是物质名词或者抽象名词，其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加the.前面可以加上单位词，进行分类： 常见单位词：a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/musea bit of、an item of、an article of（clothing）不可数名词列举：advice homework luggage rain soap baggage importance machinery recognition snow cash information mail research traffic clothing jewelry money scenery violence damage knowledge music water equipment laughter news wind furniture leisure peace work 3. 可数名词和不可数名词表示数量的表达法不同，应该特别注意以下的区别：常用数量表达法可数名词不可数名词a/an, one, two, three anotherfewa few fewer a/the number ofmany severala lot of some anynoeacheveryallother little a little less amount of much a lot of some anynoallother4. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题：（1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式： 例如：waterwaters（水域、海洋） sandsands（沙滩）woodwoods（树林） ash和ashes（废墟） goods（商品）（2）名词表示特指时，可以加冠词 不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意； 例如：Germany is a European country. 定冠词：表示特定或特指 例如：Is this the book that you are looking for? 定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词：表示全部或者整体 例如：Do you know who invented the computer？ 用于乐器或专有名词前，如play the piano、the Thames第二节 代词一、总述代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词，等，详见下表。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格I you he/she/it we you they 宾格me you him/her/it us you them 所有格myyourHis/her/ itsn物主代词形容词性myyour his/her/its our your their 名词性mine yours his/hers ours yours theirs 反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 指示代词this, that these, those 相互代词each other one another 不定代词some, someone, something, somebody,any, anyone, anything, anybody,no, no one, nothing, nobody,all, both , one another, such, another, few, little, a few, a little, much, many, either, neither each, every, everybody, everyone ,everything,疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which 关系代词who, whom, whose, what, which, as, that 二重要考点1. 物主代词 形容词性物主代词：可加名词: my pictures 名词性物主代词：后面不能加名词。 eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing.2. 反身代词：通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。 eg：I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself. 3. it 的用法 （1）指代人，通常用于口语中； （2）书面语： it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等 eg：Its three years since I saw him. it 用来前指或者后指 eg：Ive lost my book. Where is it？ There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher. it 做形式主语eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？ it 做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后。 常见动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me. He has made it clear that he wouldnt agree to the plan. it 用于强调句，构成句型Itsthat/who 如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？ eg：Its clear that they have won. 如果Its和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。4. 不定代词之间的区别：（1）all、each 与every的区别all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体；each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；当each 在句中作主语、同位语或副词状语时，也不可用every 替换。 all和every侧重整体，each侧重个体； eg：Every staff of the university contributed to the fund. Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each. （2）everyone与every one的区别 everyone等同于everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人； eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用every one of ； eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings. Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a success.（3）none 与no one 的区别 none 表示“。之中没有一个”，一般是对两个以上的人或物进行否定。none后面还可以接of；none 可以代替单数或复数名词，谓语动词也有单数或复数，而且它既可指人，也可指物。no one 表示“一个也没有”，即not a single one 只代表单数名词，只能指人，谓语动词用单数。eg：No one failed the examination. None of the students failed the examination.（4）both 与all 的区别both 用于指两个人或事物；all 用于指两个以上的人或物。both 与all 作同位语用，放在名词或代词后，如：We both study very hard. 若谓语是系动词时，则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词，前面又有助动词时，应放在助动词之后。如：They have both gone to Beijing on business. both 与all 都可用of 结构。若其后是名词，of 可省略；若是人称代词时，of 不可省略。neither (of) 表示“两者都不.”。（5）one the other 与one another 的区别one the other 所修饰的数是两个，the other 指两者中的另一个；而one another 所修饰的数是三个或三个以上，another 指不定数目（至少三个）中的另一个。（6）whole 与all 的区别whole 表示“全部、所有”之意时，后面不能接复数，而且要采用“the + whole + 名词”的词序。当all 表示“全部、所有”时，后面既可跟不可数名词，也可跟复数可数名词，并采用“all + the + 名词”的词序，如all the students 、all the morning 。但all day 、all night 中不用the。2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习之二：形容词与副词一、总述形容词是表示人或事物性质或特征的词类，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语、主语或宾语（the + 形容词，表示一类人或物）。副词是用来修饰形容词、副词、动词及句子的词类。频度副词（always、generally 、usually 、often 、frequently、sometimes 、occasionally 、seldom），程度副词（perfectly 、roughly 、probably 、possibly 、fairly 、rather），地点副词（here 、there、anywhere），时间副词（then 、yet、still、now、soon），方式副词（carefully 、badly 、quickly），疑问副词（how、why），连接副词（therefore、however），关系副词（when 、where ）二、重要考点1. 若干前置形容词连用时，其排列顺序如下：品质（一般描写性）大小/新旧或年龄/ 形状颜色起源材料用途名词。例如：a funny, little, red insect 。但是，当被修饰词是nothing 、something 、everything 、anything 等不定代词时，或者作定语ble、-ible 为后缀构成的形容词（如：sensible,的形容词是以a-为前缀的形容词（如：ablaze, alert, alike, alive, asleep, awake, afloat, ashamed ）及一些以-a acceptable, visible, imaginable ）时，通常将形容词放于被修饰词后面作后置定语，形容词短语也作后置定语。2. 定语：【1】用来修饰名词，通常是形容词；若是单个形容词，一般放在修饰名词前；若为词组，一般放在修饰名词之后； 形容词词组的两种情况： （1）成对的形容词； eg：She has many pencils, blue and red. （2）形容词短语： eg：I think he is a man suitable for the job.形容词还可以做表语，放在be动词之后；【2】英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同： （1）certain：作定语时，表示特定的: eg:A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you. 作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于be sure；（2）complete：作定语时，表示完全的；作表语时，表示完成的或完美的；（3）ill：作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的； （4）late: 作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的； （5）ready：作定语时，表示现成的；作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做； （6）present：作定语时，表示目前的，相当于current；作表语时，表示出席，参加；（7）the+形容词：表示一类人； eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded3. 状语：通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子； 副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely； 其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念；4. 形容词和副词的比较级：（1）没有比较级的形容词和副词： 单词本身的含义是表示比年长、比优秀、比优等时，没有比较级概念； 如supreme（最高的） superior （优于），inferior（低于），junior（年幼于），senior（年长于）， 后面搭配的介词一般是to，而不用than.例如：His strength is superior to mine. My knowledge is inferior to his. 有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念； 如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同级比较和异级比较： 同级比较：asas/timesas 这种句型主要表示人或物的性质、特征等方面有某些近似或相等： as + 形容词/副词+ as + 比较对象。例如： We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have been taken ten years in the past. 句子中两个as 作用不同，前一个as 是副词，含“如此”的意思；后一个as 是连词，表示“比”或“如同”的意义。异级比较：（倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than 常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal或者倍数； eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite is much clearer than those taken from earth.（3）比较级特殊用法词汇： the+比较级；该句型表示：越来越 例如：The harder you work, the more you will learn.morethan： 例如：He is more clever than honest.下面一种句型的意思是“不比多”或“不少于”：“主语 + 谓语+ no more/less + 形容词/副词+ than + 被比对象”是表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。例如：She is no less diligent than her classmates. （4）最高级句型最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子。一般要有一个表示范围的词组：the + 形容词/副词最高级 +（名词）+ 范围词。例如：Jane is the tallest girl in the department of public relations. Of all the students, Beth works hardest. 注意：引导范围的介词，如果为同一范畴，用of；否则用in，如以上例句。否定词 + 比较级该句型的原意是“没有比更”，也表示“最”的概念。例如：There is nothing in the world more potent and more impotent than words. 5、注意区分（1） any 、far、even 、much 、slightly 、a bit、a little 、a lot、all the 等可用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。much 、a lot、far 等表示“更得多”的程度意义。（2）fairly 与rather 的区别在修饰形容词或副词时，fairly 主要用于褒义形容词或副词（good, well ）前；rather 则主要用于修饰带贬义的形容词或副词（bad, badly）。（3）very 与much/very much 的区别very 经常用来修饰以-ing 结尾的形容词；而much/very much 则用来修饰以-ed 结尾的形容词。例如：The movie is very interesting.I am (very) much interested in the movie. （4）“much too + 形容词/副词”实际上是“too + 形容词/副词”的强调形式。可用来修饰“too + 形容词/副词”结构的副词还有far、rather，但不用very 、quite 等修饰。too much 可作形容词修饰不可数名词，也可作副词修饰动词或动词短语，还可作名词短语在句中作主语、宾语等。2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习之三：非谓语动词作定语和状语一、总述非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中起着一些特殊的作用。一般来说，动词不定式可充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分；动名词只可作句子的主语、定语、表语、宾语和补语；分词只能作定语、表语、状语及补语。即使是作同一种成分，不同非谓语形式之间仍然存在差异。不定式作状语时，可表示目的、原因、结果和方式等；分词作状语不仅可表示原因、结果方式，还可以表示时间、条件、伴随情况及让步等。因此考生在做题时应分析状语表达的是何种意思，才能做也正确的选择。非谓语动词的时态、语态的表达形式见下表：二、重要考点1. 动词不定式不定式是指带to 的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语和状语。A. 作定语(1) 动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。例如： Hes a pleasant fellow to work with.Theres nothing to worry about.(2) 有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。例如：Women should have the right to receive education.There is no time to hesitate.(3) the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作定语。例如： The monitor will be the first to come.He was the last man to blame.B. 作状语(1) 作目的状语不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾。但是，如果表示强调，亦可置于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符号前加not。例如： He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted.I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.(2) 作结果状语。例如： We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.She left home, never to return again.(3) 作原因状语。不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。例如： She burst into laughter to see his funny action.The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.(4) 有些固定词组带to 不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句子中作独立成分。这些词有：to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等。例如： To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing.To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.2. 动名词动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。与现在分词构成法相同。它同时具有动词及名词特征。以下主要介绍其作定语及状语的情况。A. 作定语。例如：None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room.The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden.B. 作状语。介词 + 动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如：After finishing the job, he went home.He was blamed for having done something wrong.They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship.3. 分词分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。A. 现在分词与过去分词的用法区别现在分词与过去分词的用法区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已完成。例如： developing countries developed countriesthe touching tale the touched audienceB. 现在分词的用法。现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。(1) 作定语。现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前。例如：This is a pressing question.He asked an embarrassing question. 现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：There were no soldiers drilling. 现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后；例如：A little child learning to walk often falls.The men working here are all from the rural areas.(2) 现在分词用作状语现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看，也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。a. 表示时间。例如：Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.He went out shutting the door behind him. 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when 或while。例如：When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.b. 表示原因。例如： Being sick, I stayed at home.She caught cold sitting on the grass. c. 表示条件。例如：Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.d. 表示让步。例如：Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.e. 表示结果。例如：It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.f. 表示方式或伴随情况。例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.C. 过去分词的作用(1) 作定语过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。例如： Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?(2) 作状语过去分词从表意的角度看也可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。a. 表示时间。例如： Heated, the metals expands. When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.b.表示原因。例如：Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.c. 表示条件。例如：United, we stand; divided, we fall.Given more time, Ill do it better.d. 表示让步。例如：Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.Badly involved in the accident, the car is still running.e. 表示方式或伴随。例如：He came back, utterly exhausted.United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction.2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习之四：非谓语动词作动词宾语和宾语补足语一、总述1. 要求后面跟动词 + -ing 作宾语的动词和词组例句：I couldnt help feeling proud of our country.Someone suggested organizing an outing to the Western Hills.2. 要求后面跟动词不定式作宾语的动词和词组例句：例句：Dont hesitate to ask me questions if you dont understand.He endeavored to adopt a positive but realistic attitude to the issue.二、重要考点1. 某些动词词组也要求动词 + -ing 作宾语，例如：例句：Mr. Smith gave up smoking according to his doctors advice.Do you feel like having a walk with us in the woods by the sea?Some people in the rich world are opposed to doing business with poor countries. 2. 有时在形容词后面也要求用动词 + -ing ，例如: busy、worth 、worthwhile 等。例如：Is it worthwhile making such an experiment?3. 在point 、trouble 、difficulty 等名词后，应加介词in + 动词-ing。in 可以省略。例如：There is not much point (in) thinking about it.American businessmen have difficulty (in) understanding their Japanese counterparts.4. 在its no use, its not much use, its no good 后要求用动词 + -ing 。但是在it is of no use 后则要用动词不定式。例如：Its no use crying about it. You must do something.Its no good writing to him; he never answers letters.Its of no use to cry over spilt milk.5. 在有些动词后面既可以跟动词 + -ing ，也可以跟动词不定式，这类动词有：在有些动词后面，两种结构之间的意义差别不大。例如：He prefers writing (to write) an outline before he writes a summary.He had really intended staying (to stay) longer.6. 但在某些动词之后，两种结构之间的意义差别较明显。如try 、mean 、remember 、forget 、regret 等动词后跟不定式或动名词意思则不同。例如：We must try to solve this problem. 我们必须设法解决这个问题。We can try solving this problem in other ways. 我们可以试用另一些方法来解决这一问题。I must remember to pay you for the ticket. 我一定要记住把电影票的钱支付给你（支付的动作还没有发生）。I remember seeing you somewhere. 我记着在什么地方见过你（见的动作已经发生）。7. demand 、deserve 、need 、require、want 等词既可以要求动词 + -ing 作宾语，也可以要求动词不定式的被动式作宾语。例如：Johns house in the country wants painting.Johns house in the country wants to be painted. 这两种结构意义相同。8. 还有像go on、stop 这类动词如果后接动词 + -ing 则表示继续（做某事）或停止（做某事）；而如果后接动词不定式则表示前面一个动作已结束或停止，继之做另一个动作。例如：The robot first reads the engineering drawing and then goes on to assemble the parts according to the drawing.Some students went on working on their examination when the bell rang.9. 要求动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel、have、hear、let、listen to 、look at 、make 、notice、observe、see 和watch。在这些动词后面，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。例如：Ill try to get someone repair the recorder for you.Electricity makes the motor run. 但是当这些动词用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式则必须带to。例如：The motor is made to run by electricity.10. 在cannot but、do nothing but (except) 、had better 、had best 、rather than、would ratherthan 和would sooner than 等结构后要求不带to 的动词不定式。例如：I have done nothing except do what I should.11. 要求动词 + -ing （短语）作宾语补足语的动词有：discover, feel, find, have, hear, keep,leave, like, need, notice, observe, report, see, smell, spot, want, watch 等。例如：Male secretaries sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher status professionals.You can have your tape recorder repaired in the shop over there.12. 其中在see 、hear 、feel、observe 、watch、notice 等动词后，既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用动词 + -ing 作宾语补足语。前者强调动作发生的事实（即动作全部过程结束），后者则强调动作的进行过程（即动作正在进行）。例如：Tom saw his parents get into the car and drive off.I saw him making the experiment. 注：如果是过去分词作宾语补足语，则表示过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前已经完成。例如：We found the work completely done.三、例题1. Nobody enjoys having a tooth _.A. drill and fill B. drilling and fillingC. to drill and fill D. drilled and filled2. Its no use our _ any longer. He may come by any train. He is used to finding his way around.A. to wait B. waiting C. to have waited D. having waited3. The revolutionary fighter would rather die with his head high than _ with his knees bent.A. to live B. living C. live D. lived4. I forgot _ her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on.A. reminding B. having reminded C. to remind D. to have reminded5. Its no good _ remember grammatical rules. You need to practise what you have learned.A. trying to B. to try to C. try to D. tried to6. I feel like _ to the owner of the house to complain.A. writing B. to write C. write D. having written7. As we approached the village we saw many new houses _.A. built B. build C. being built D. building8. Tim cannot but _ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing his project.A. to