自考二 英语3A.doc

Text A Euthanasia : For and AgainstFor and against=For or againstPro and(or) Con 赞成课文简介安乐死是否合法？对于这个问题，不同的国家有不同的观点。在欧洲，荷兰和比利时两个国家已经给予其合法化。本文主要通过荷兰人齐思ooo范o万德尔o德o尤德要求医生对他执行安乐死的事例，对有关安乐死的种种问题进行了讨论：医生是否有权剥夺别人的生命？执行安乐死对身患绝症的人来说是一种解脱还是谋杀？对此存在着截然不同的两种观点。Paras 1-4 The subject about euthanasiaParas 5-10 There are opinions for and against the practice of euthanasiapractice=practice 实施，实践New Words 1 euthanasian. 无痛楚的死亡；安乐死2 weakenvt./vi. 削弱，减弱3 Dutchmann. 荷兰人4 deterioratevt./vi. （使）恶化5 lethala. 致死的6 injectionn. 注射；注射剂7 nationwidea./ad. 全国性的；在全国范围内8 debatevt./vi./n. 争论，辩论9 legala. 法律上的；合法的10 Dutcha./n. 荷兰人的；荷兰语11 parliament n. 议会，国会12 prosecutevt. 对 起诉13 requestn. 请求，要求14 criterionn.标准，准则15 crowdn./vi.群，人群16 ensurevt. 保证，担保17 healthcaren.保健18 opposevt. 反对，反抗19 traditionn. 传统，惯例20 hospicen. （晚期病人）收容所21 counciln. 理事会，委员会22 foundern. 创造者；缔造者23 considerationn. 考虑，体谅24 elderlya./n. 较老的，人过中年的25 disableda. 伤残的；26 burdenn./vt. 担子，负担；责任，义务27 optvi. 抉择，选择28 shortenvt./vi. 缩短，缩小29 vulnerablea. 易受伤的，弱小的30 prohibitionn. 禁止；禁令31 individualn./a. 个人，个体；个人的，个别的32 paternalistica. 家长式的统治的33 moving a. 活动的，移动的34 sensitivea. 敏感的，灵敏的词组： 1 to be affected with 患有疾病2 to debate on 关于 进行辩论3 to make request for要求4 be opposed to 反对5 to open up 打开，开办，开辟，坦诚地或无拘束地谈话6 to take into account考虑到7 need for对 的需要8 to opt out （of）决定不参加 , 决定从 退出9 to have at heart对某事十分关心词汇精讲：1. weaken : v. 削弱；变弱；She seems to be weakening. They have never weakened their stand for human rights. 派生词：weak a. 虚弱的，软弱的手写板00：07：41类似的词有：short, sharp, wide, dark, broad同义词：Undermine2. debate : 争论，辩论用法：to debate on 对 进行辩论；Lincoln debated Douglas on this issue. 林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是当前公众争论的焦点。同义词：dispute3. legal : a.法律上的，合法的 派生词： illegal a. 不合法的4. request : vt/n. 请求，要求搭配：request for 要求 ; make a request for 要求；at sbs request 应之要求； 例：He made a request for immediate help. 他要求立即给予帮助。The singer gave one more song at our request. 歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌。They made a request to release the prisoners.他们要求释放犯人。 其他用法：request 后接that 从句时，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气should + 动词原形的形式。例：He requested that he (should)stay for more days. 他请求再住一些天。5. criterion : 标准，准则复数：criteria (批评、判断、决定的标准和准则)例： What criteria do you use to judge a good wine? 你用什么标准判断酒的好坏？同义词：standard 标准 （客观的、公正的标准，可用于比较、衡量事物）例： The standard of living has improved greatly.生活的标准已经大大提高。6. ensure : vt. 保证，保护；赋予用法：ensure sb. that 确保. ; ensure sth. I can ensure that he will come at 12 oclock , 我能保证他将在12点钟来。他的才能将保证他得到成功。 His ability will ensure his success. 7. oppose vt. 反对派生词：opposition n. 反对；opponent n. 对手用法：be opposed to 反对，We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal. 我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易。What he said was totally opposed to the facts. 他说的与事实完全相反。He is very much opposed to my going abroad . 他非常反对我出国。区别：oppose 与be opposed to They opposed the plan. 他们反对此计划。（表示动作）They were opposed to the plan 他们反对此计划。（表示态度）8. disabled : 伤残的，使失去战斗力的派生词：disable v. 使不能 ; able adj. 有能力的；enable v. 使能够.；unable a. 不能的，没有能力的；用法：the disabled 残疾人disable sb. from doing sth. 使某人不能干 , 使某人丧失能力；一场事故使他再也不能打篮球了。 An accident disabled him from playing basketball. enable sb. to do sth. 使某人能作某事乘飞机使我们几个小时就能越过太平洋Flying enables us to go across the Pacific in a few hours. be able to do sth. 能够做某事我们能说英语。 We are able to speak English. be unable to do sth. 不能做某事我们不能在9点钟之前到。 We are unable to get there before 9 oclock. 9. sensitive : adj. 敏感的，灵敏的派生词：sense n. 感觉，感知；用法：be sensitive to 对 很敏感Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism. 她的回答表明她对批评非常敏感。他对天气变化很敏感。He is sensitive to the change of weather. 词组精讲：1. to debate on : 关于 进行辩论 Lincoln debated Douglas on this issue. 林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。2. to make request for ：要求 He made a request for immediate help. 他要求立即给予帮助。3. to opposed to : 反对 He is very much opposed to my going abroad .4. to open up : 打开，开办，开辟We shall open up the resources of the NW areas of our country. 我们将开发我国西北地区的资源。They are preparing to open up a national debate. 他们正准备展开一场全国性的争论。 5 to take into account : 考虑到；估计We must take local conditions into account. 我们必须考虑到当地的条件。 You must take her inexperience into account. 你必须考虑到她无经验而予以体谅。相关词汇：to take into consideration 考虑到 6. need for : 对 的需要Theres a growing need for cheap rented housing in the large cities. 大城市对廉租房的需求不断增加。课文句子精讲 Text AEuthanasia : For and Against We mustnt delay any longer . swallowing is difficult . and breathing, thats also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too . we mustnt delay any longer. 第一部分： paras.1 - paras 4 Para. 11. We mustnt delay any longer 我们不可以再拖延了mustnt 不应该，不可以not any longer 不再，再也不 , no longer 不再These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Para.22. affected with a serious disease 为过去分词短语作原因状语；句中there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating 是knew 的两个宾语从句。本句的意思是：范o万德尔身患重病，再也不能清楚地说话。他知道他没有希望康复，身体状况正在急剧恶化。Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.Para.33. Van Wendels last three months of life were filmed 不可数名词前面有单位词修饰，谓语的数与单位词的数一致。例：Two bottles of beer were served . 4. 句中being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor为被动结构的动名词短语，用作介词 before的宾语。句中film 用作动词，表示将故事拍成电影。本句的意思：范o万德尔 生命的最后三个月，在接受医生给他打的最后致命一针之前，被拍成了电影并于去年首次在荷兰电视上播出。5. 句中since 为副词，表示从那以后； each time 引导的是时间状语从句。本句译为：从那时起，已有20多个国家购买了这个节目，每次播放都引起对这个问题的全国性大辩论。The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .permits=allowsPara.46. which引导定语从句修饰country , although 引导让步状语从句it is not technically legal 根据法律是不合法的. technically ad. 严格按法律意义地，严格遵循某些规章制度地（备注：荷兰在2001年四月已立法）本句译为：尽管它根据法律是不合法的，但是荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家。7. who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch parliament two years ago 是定语从句修饰doctors.而其中 introduced . ago 为过去分词短语作定语，修饰guidelines。介词under 在此表示根据，按照。主句： doctors are usually not prosecuted.本句的意思是：不过，执行安乐死的医生如果遵守荷兰议会两年前制定的严格准则，通常不会遭起诉。8. 三个that 引导的都是demand 的宾语从句，说明执行安乐死必须同时满足这三个条件。demand 在此表示规定，而不是要求的意思，因此，其后所接宾语从句也没有用（should）+ 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。本句的意思是：这些准则要求，病人必须正在经受极大的痛苦，没有制愈的可能，并且病人一再恳求安乐死。introduce：推行In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.9 a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.a second doctor = another doctor 另外一名医生第二部分 para.5 - para.10Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendels doctor, explains how he looks at the question:Para.5 提出问题 Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?10 Cees van Wendels doctor, 是 Dr, Wilfred van Oijen的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。,谓语是 explains ， how he looks at the question:是宾语从句。life的复数是livesWell, its not as if Im planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But thats entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much. Thats a very different thing.Para.611 as if = as though 仿佛，好像似的 引导方式状语从句，一般用虚拟语气，如果与事实相符，也可用陈述语气。12 In that case , 在那种情况下 case n. 情况，事例，案例，病例killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. 杀人是我能想象出的最残忍的事情Para.7 、8（两位反对安乐死的人和他们的观点）Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family theres nearly always another question behind the question. 13 Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, 此句中的though = however 14 Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, 是Dr. Andrew Ferguson,的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: Its very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. 15 “president of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement” 是Cicely Saunders 的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。 “ that euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying 是argue 的宾语从句；在宾语从句中，there are ways of caring for the dying 是take 的宾语从句。此句的意思是：国家晚期病人收容所委员会主席和收容运动发起人茜西里?桑得斯认为安乐死没有考虑到总会有办法照顾临终病人。16 “ that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does not make those people more vulnerable” 句中第一个that是think 的宾语从句的引导词，that legally allows the shortening of life 是定语从句，修饰anything 。vulnerable 是形容词作宾语补语Many find this prohibition of an individuals right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not? Para.917“what those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me” 是主语从句，that dying people havent the right 是表语从句；在主语从句中，who oppose euthanasia 是定语从句，修饰people. 本句的意思：那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。and that （time） when 18Why not 是一个省略句， 意思是：Why not help them die? Why not have euthanasia? But why not? is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendels death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husbands interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.Para.1019Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. that 引导宾语从句, 从句中 it 是形式主语，不定式 to use 是实际主语20Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.并不是所有的病人都能得到如此高水平的个别护理和关照。accept 是主动的接受重点句 Euthanasia : For and Against We mustnt delay any longer . swallowing is difficult . and breathing, thats also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too . we mustnt delay any longer.These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendels doctor, explains how he looks at the question:Well, its not as if Im planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But thats entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much. Thats a very different thing.Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family theres nearly always another question behind the question.Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the Nation