任务型写作之概括练习.doc

2016届高二任务型写作练习与指导总述：广东省高考任务型写作总分25分，包含两部分，第一部分是30个单词的概要（5分），第二部分是120个单词的要点写作，近几年的高考都是三个写作要点（20分）因读写任务“写作内容”所列要点的顺序已具有内在的逻辑性，所以考生应该按照试题所给内容要点的顺序写作。一般是每个写作要点安排为一个自然段，且将写作内容的每个要点作为各段的主题句，将主题句放在各段的开头，这样既可以避免考生在写作时跑题或遗漏要点，又方便阅卷老师落实要点是否齐全。一 如何写摘要：1. 概括文章大意的步骤：（1）定位中心词：写作中要求考试发表议论的主题，往往就是所阅读短文要论述的主题，所以可以从命题者给出的论题里找到中心词，以防离题。如要求就“Appreciations Make Us More Confident”主题发表意见，那么appreciation就是原文的中心词。 练习：Does pressure do harm to students? 中心词是：_(2) 找出中心句：找到中心词后，应回到原文中找到中心句。说明文跟议论文的中心句一般在开头或是结尾，有时也在第二句，或是藏在文章某个地方。故事性的文章一般没有现成的中心句，需要自己去归纳总结。(3) 重构主题句：题目要求不可以抄原文，因此考生应围绕中心词和中心句自己重写主题句。采用的方法有：改变词性，同义替换，语态互换，转换句型等。概括要全面但不要太详细。一般来说把每个段落的大意整合在一起就是该文章的中心意思。(4)重组支撑句：补充或是提供证据。即时练习：找出下列文段的中心句子,在文中划出来，并按要求改写：文段1：Scientists find that hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than house wives. Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than the job holders. A study shows that whenever the employment rate increases by 1%, the death rate decreases correspondingly by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.利用同义词改写原主题句：_文段2：As the old saying goes, you dont know what the happiness is until you lose it; you dont know what the health is until you are ill. “Health is of vital importance to life.” Sounds like achieve to everyone, but it is absolutely true.利用同义词改写原主题句：_文段3：Women teachers are holding back boys by scolding them for typically male behavior, according to a study out today. They hold the belief that boys are “silly” in class, refuse to “ sit nicely like the girls” and are more likely to be addicted to “schoolboy tricks”. Women teachers may also unconsciously have low expectations of boys academic achievement and encourage girls to work harder, thinking that they are cleverer.利用改变语态改写原主题句：_文段4：Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.利用词性转换改写原主题句：_2.概括文章大意的方法：（分文体：记叙文、议论文、说明文、演讲、新闻报道）(1)记叙文：要素串联法（以回答问题的方式：谁做了什么结果怎样说明了什么）记叙文又分三类进行概括：1）单纯的记叙事件的文章：只需概括该事件（即回答上面两个问题）2）在记叙文的末尾又点题句或者是升华的主题或者是记叙的事件给人的启示： 概括时 要概括该事件+ 启示（即回答上面三个问题）3）夹叙夹议的文章：概括该事件+作者的看法、观点、感悟、经验（即回答上面三个问题）注意：概要的时态一般跟原文时态一致，人称使用第三人称表述如 I 应表述为the writer / she/ he / the author ，不得加入考生个人的观点 记叙文概括段落模板：介绍故事内容（人物+主要事件和结果+故事的启示或是道理）练习：Today I was having a PE lesson when I fell down and hurt my foot. I was in great pain at that moment, but I tried to act as if nothing had happened until the class is over. Though I had difficulty walking back to my classroom, I still didnt tell anyone and refused the offer of my classmates. As a result, the hurt in my foot became worse. Now I know Im wrong. We can tell others our need for help and accept their help. Some day we can help others in return. In this way, we can get along with each other happily and peacefully. 阅读材料回答以下三个问题并用自己的话将其串起来写一个30字的概括： 谁做了什么？_ 结果怎样？_ 说明了什么？_Summary:_（2）说明文：在了解了说明文的主旨以及说明顺序之后将说明文分三类进行： 1）描写某事物的功用性质，概要则应包括：描写的对象+性质功用+利弊 模板：In the passage, the writer introduces（对象）to us, especially its(性质或功用)，from which we know( 对象带来的利弊) 2)若说明文是针对某个问题提出解决的方法或是措施：问题+解决方法 The passage tells us (问题)，including(方法1)，(方法2)，and(方法3) 3）若说明文是介绍某现象以及其原因和结果时：现象+原因+结果（措施或是建议）The author talks about(现象)，+原因+措施或是结果（3）议论文：找到议论文的三要素：论点，论据，和结论论点：作者试图让读者接受的观点论据：论证论点的证据，最重要的是找到主题句topic sentence和支撑句supporting sentences, 和结论句 conclusion sentences.若是对比观点式的议论文，写概要时则应将两种不同的观点和理由按照文章的顺序，用简洁的语言串起来。注意：议论文的概要要全面，论点+原文中的例子作为支撑句（必须包括论点+论据+结论）（4）新闻报道类的概要：关键是看标题和首段，找到中心句the first sentence / paragraph +contents (examples or figures) + conclusion/ prediction仿真练习：（一） 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。The Growth in Fast Food Today more snack bars than ever before can be seen in all residential areas and downtown. Chinese food is always sold side by side with foreign one；for example，noodle，rice and fried mutton are served on the same table. Why does fast food enjoy so great popularity. The reasons are of different types. First of all，having snacks is economical of money compared with formal meals. The cost of less than 100 yuan only reflects the 0rdinary level of a formal meal，while as much as 10 yuan is enough to satisfy ones appetite at most snack bars. Next，convenience weighs heavily. In a snack bar，you dont have to pretend to be graceful，and you may also take your meal away，which helps save you much time. Last，diverse features of fast food form a good attraction. For example，in Xian， Shanxi food along with Sichuan food and typical food in Northeast China are within your easy reach. Obviously，fast food adds great convenience to our life. With its further improvement in all sides，snacks will surely be enjoyed by more people from all walks of life. 写作内容 1）概括短文的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右； 2）就就如何看待快餐食品？这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右； a） 工薪一族对快餐的看法； b） 父母对快餐的看法； c） 快餐的利和弊 d） 你对快餐的看法。 写作要求 你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不能抄袭阅读材料中的句子。本文体裁：_Summary:_(二）阅读材料 Billy and his part-time job Billy is 14 years old and in his the ninth grade. He has a part-time job which gets him up every morning at 5 oclock. He is a newspaper delivery boy. In the winter it is still dark when he gets up， but during the rest of the year it is light. Bill must deliver the newspapers to the houses of the people on his route in all kinds of weather. He tries to put each paper on the porch where it will be protected from wind and rain of snow. All his customers think he does a good job. Billy earns about $ 70 per month， and he is earning some of the money to go to college. He spends the rest on records and clothes. Once a month， he has to collect money from his customers. Since many of them work during the day， Billy has to collect the money in the evening. Sometimes， when Billy is ill， his brother has to deliver the newspapers. Once， his father has to help. Billy has 70 customers now， but he hops to get more soon. Some day， if he gets more customers， Billy might win a prize for being an outstanding newspaper boy. He wants to win a trip to Europe， but he will still be happy if he only wins a new bicycle. 写作任务 1.概括短文内容，30词左右。 2.就学生是否该做兼职发表看法，包括以下内容要点。120词左右。 （1）列举现实生活中学生做兼职的情况。 （2）分析学生做兼职的原因： a）兼职可以帮助解决贫困家庭孩子经济问题。 b）可以丰富学生的社会经验。 c）可以学以致用。 3. 你对兼职的看法，并说明理由。本文体裁：_Summary:_（三）（阅读材料） Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.本文体裁：_Summary:_阅读材料 Billy and his part-time job Billy is 14 years old and in his the ninth grade. He has a part-time job which gets him up every morning at 5 oclock. He is a newspaper delivery boy. In the winter it is still dark when he gets up， but during the rest of the year it is light. Bill must deliver the newspapers to the houses of the people on his route in all kinds of weather. He tries to put each paper on the porch where it will be protected from wind and rain of snow. All his customers think he does a good job. Billy earns about $ 70 per month， and he is earning some of the money to go to college. He spends the rest on records and clothes. Once a month， he has to collect money from his customers. Since many of them work during the day， Billy has to collect the money in the evening. Sometimes， when Billy is ill， his brother has to deliver the newspapers. Once， his father has to help. Billy has 70 customers now， but he hops to get more soon. Some day， if he gets more customers， Billy might win a prize for being an outstanding newspaper boy. He wants to win a trip to Europe， but he will still be happy if he only wins a new bicycle. 写作任务 1.概括短文内容，30词左右。 2.就学生是否该做兼职发表看法，包括以下内容要点。120词左右。 （1）列举现实生活中学生做兼职的情况。 （2）分析学生做兼职的原因： a）兼职可以帮助解决贫困家庭孩子经济问题。 b）可以丰富学生的社会经验。 c）可以学以致用。 3. 你对兼职的看法，并说明理由。 参考例文： Billy，a 14 - year old boy， takes a part time job as a newspaper delivering boy in order to win a trip to Europe. He does so good a job that all of his customers think highly of him. Nowadays it is very common for students to have part time jobs. There are several reasons for this. First，part time job can help to solve money problem for those coming from poor families. Second，such jobs provide them with good chances to enrich their social experience， which will benefit them in their future study and life. Last，the jobs make it possible for students to put what they have learned in class to practice. As far as I am concerned，students should balance well between study and work. Part time job will take up much time and energy. As a student，we must remember that study always comes first. Only considering it in this way can we go out for a part time job.（九） 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 The Growth in Fast Food Today more snack bars than ever before can be seen in all residential areas and downtown. Chinese food is always sold side by side with foreign one；for example，noodle，rice and fried mutton are served on the same table. Why does fast food enjoy so great popularity. The reasons are of different types. First of all，having snacks is economical of money compared with formal meals. The cost of less than 100 yuan only reflects the 0rdinary level of a formal meal，while as much as 10 yuan is enough to satisfy ones appetite at most snack bars. Next，convenience weighs heavily. In a snack bar，you dont have to pretend to be graceful，and you may also take your meal away，which helps save you much time. Last，diverse features of fast food form a good attraction. For example，in Xian， Shanxi food along with Sichuan food and typical food in Northeast China are within your easy reach. Obviously，fast food adds great convenience to our life. With its further improvement in all sides，snacks will surely be enjoyed by more people from all walks of life. 写作内容 1）概括短文的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右； 2）就就如何看待快餐食品？这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右； a） 工薪一族对快餐的看法； b） 父母对快餐的看法； c） 快餐的利和弊 d） 你对快餐的看法。 写作要求 你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不能抄袭阅读材料中的句子。 参考例文： My Opinion on Fast Food Fast food develops fast nowadays because it is economic，convenient and there are kinds of food meet different flavors. It will become more and more popular in the future. However，I dont think eating too much fast food is good for our health. Fast food may cause illness. I admit that fast food is cheap and convenient. You can fill your stomach easily without paying too much. And you dont have to pretend to be graceful when you do want to. Different flavours meet different tastes. You can decide what you want to eat. But every coin has two sides. Fast food also has troubles. The most worrying one is whether fast food is clean or not. In order to gain a greater profit，some snack bars try every means to reduce the cost. Some even adopts illegal means. As is reported on TV and newspaper， many snack bars use some dirty refined oil to cook the meals. It is not easy for the customers to be aware of what they are eating. Usually there will be lots of bacteria in such kind of oil. These bacteria can cause deadly diseases， such as cancer. The customers become victims of the snack bars. Maybe you will ask，What about KFC or Mc Donalds？ The sanity equipments are good in these restaurants. My suggestion is that youd better eat less. Foods in KFC and Mc Donalds contain much fat. They also cause health problems. Eating too much fried chicken， fried chips，hand burgs and something else may make you fat. In a word，I dont suggest people eat too much fast food. You have much to concern about when you are having fast food. To keep healthy，we have to pay attention to our habit of diet. （阅读材料） Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of thi