语言学概论复习题.doc

英语语言学概论复习题考试形式：开卷I. True or False: (2%10=20%)( ) 1. African-American Vernacular English is an inferior dialect of English.( ) 2. The same set of vowels is used in all languages. ( ) 3. Received Pronunciation is very prestigious in Britain.( ) 4. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences. ( ) 5. Since people take turns in speaking, overlaps are unlikely in conversation. ( ) 6. With transformations, we can organize a sentence the way we like( ) 7. A perlocutionary act is performed by the hearer. ( ) 9. Different social classes often have their own dialects.( )10. Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others face( ) 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.( ) 12. Some words are always superordinate while some others are always hyponyms . ( ) 13. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences( )14. Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others face. ( ) 15. “John cooked Jane a cake” presupposes “John cooked something for Jane”. ( ) 16. By “anaphora” we mean reference through the use of pronominal forms to something that has already been mentioned in the preceding text. . II. Multiple choice: (2%10=20%) Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. 1. The pair of words “wife” and “husband” are _.A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms2. The word “phone” is formed through_ . A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation3. My father has gone to Shanghai? _ I have a father. A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 4. Of the three branches of phonetics,the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is _phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory D. none of the above three5. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of _. A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing6. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “little” and “small” belong is called _ synonyms. A. stylisticB. dialectal C . emotiveD. collocational7. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called_. A. phoneticsB. morphology C. syntaxD. semantics8. _ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua franca B. Creole C. Pidgin D. Standard language 9. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be _.A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. psycholinguistic 10. Of all the speech organs, the _ is/are the most flexible.A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 11. The morpheme vision in the common word television is a(n) _.A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 12. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 13.Can I borrow your bike? _ You have a bike.A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 14. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _.A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics 15. The maxim exploited in one kind of the Chinese ads “买一赠一” is _. .A. relation B. quality C. quantity D. mannerIII. Definitions: (5%2=10%) 1.duality One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.2.diachronic linguistics .Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.3.broad transcription A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.4.morphological rules The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.5.phrase structure rule. a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences6.relational oppositesa kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, husband and wife, father and son ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word man is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.8.contextis regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.9. euphemismA euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. pass away for die.10. Bilingualism: refers to a phenomenon where two languages are used side by side with each other, each having a different role to play. Many children in Australia may possess all four skills solely in the official language English, while they may be able to understand the spoken form of their parents language (for example, Chinese) and barely able to speak. 11. surface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people usually produce and receive. 12. deep structure: it can defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.13. positive face: the positive consistent self-image or personality (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants.14. negative face : the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction - i.e. to the freedom of action and freedom from impositionIV. Briefly Answer: (10%2=20%) 1. What are the branches of linguistics (or what is the scope of linguistics)? 2. What are the criteria of classifying English vowels?3. What are the criteria of classifying English consonan