牛津8A英语知识点总汇.doc

初中英语知识点一、词组或短语Unit5在中国东北in north-east China 世界最重要的湿地之一one of the worlds most important wetlands给野生生物提供食物和栖息地provide food and shelter for wildlife 的理想家园an ideal home for生活得很舒适live comfortably 全年all year round在某地作短暂逗留stay in sp for a short time 很容易捕食easily catch sth for food拨打某人的电话call sb on 的反义词the opposite ofUnit4第一次走出她的家门 go outside her home for the first time 长成 grow into 一天长达14个小时 for up to 14 hours a day 没有住的地方 have nowhere to live处于危险之中 (be) in danger 把.拿走 take . away生活在野外 live in the wild 将某人单独留下 leave sb. alone = leave sb. (all) by oneself = leave sb. on ones own一直做某事 keep doing sth 让/保持某人一直做某事 keep sb. doing sth. 坚持做某事（中间可停顿） keep on doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 keep/stop/prevent sb. from doing sth.寻找，搜寻 hunt for = look for 用它们的骨头制成药 make medicine from their bones(看不出原材料) 用纸做成一个箱子 make a box out of paper (看出原材料)对某人友好 be friendly to/towards sb. 砍下.(代词放中间) cut down(数量)变得越来越少 get smaller and smaller 采取行动做某事 take actions to do sth.做一个关于.的测试 give a test on. 转身而跑 run the other way步行穿过雨林 walk through a rainforest 失去某人的生命（死） lose ones life = die继续做（相同的）事continue to do sth.= continue doing sth.= go on doing sth. = go on with sth. 继续做（不同的）事 go on to do sth. unit3 climb the hill 爬山 . a map of the world .keep fit / healthy 保持健康 .take a boat trip乘船旅行.enjoy oneself / have a great (wonderful) time过的很开心 .take a boat trip乘船旅行 .go past the Opera House 经过歌剧院 .take care / be careful / look out 小心 .by the river 在河边 .the White House 白宫 .on the top of 在顶上at the beginning not any more/ not any longer /no longerteach oneself sth./ learn sth.by oneself a lot of trafficon the highway arrive at /in all over the world unit2 spend spendon sth.She always spends too much money on CD Lucy spends two hours on sports every night. spend in doing sth.I spend lots of time in reading English. Mike often spends two hours watching TV.I spend my summer vacation in Qingdao. How do you spend your free time?. chat chat with sb.chat about sth.I often chat with my classmates on the line. He chats with me about his sons study.Dont spend too much time chatting. . priceThe price of the shirt is high / low. The shirt is expensive / cheap.dislike dislike doing sth.She dislikes eating noodles. Jim dislikes getting up early.n. Tell me your likes and dislikes. What are his likes and dislikes?tell sb. about sth. 向某人谈谈有关的情况 tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某事. keep a diary = write a diary keep pets keep a shop keep a family keep houseget up 起床get on / get off 上/下车get to 到达get ready for 为做准备. look forward to + n. / v.-ing / pron.宾格have trouble with Unit1want to do sth. 想做某事 ，也可以说would like to do sth. as + adj./adv. + as 和一样 （用于两者之间的比较）be willing to do sth. 乐意、自愿做某事 be ready to do sth. 乐意做某事 in need “有需要的” travel around the world 周游世界around the world “全世界”=all over the world , in the world grow up 成长 ，长大 grow-up 成年人each other 彼此，互相 learn from each other 互相学习 help each other 互相帮助poor eyesight 视力很差 eyesight 视力 eyeball眼球 eyebrow 眉毛 eyelash 睫毛because of “由于”，后面只能加词或词组。而because 后跟句子。have a good sense of humour 有良好的幽默感。knock over 推翻 ， 打翻knock at/on 敲（门或窗）think of 想到 ， 想起 think about 考虑 try ones best to do sth. 尽力做某事 = do ones best to do sth.agree to do sth. 同意做某事 agree with sb. 与（某人）有相同看法agree about/on sth. 关于.的意见一致，同意某事 agree to sth. 答应、同意、接受（某人的建议、安排、计划等）二、重点句子及句型：1. If I dont have food, I die. If I die, no one will look after you. 2. Write a report on an animal in danger for the club newsletter.3. I first saw the baby panda when she was only 10 days old. = I saw the baby for the first time at the age of 10 days.4. When Xi Wang was born, she weighed just 100 garms.当“希望”出生时，她只有100克。= When Xi Wang was at birth, the weight of her was 100 grams.5Eight mother later，she was not a small baby any more. 6.At the very beginning, Xi Wang drank her mothers milk for up to 14 hours a day. 7.When Xi Wang was 20 months old, she had to look after herself because her mother had another baby.8.Sadly, it is very difficult for giant pandas to survive in the wild.9.Here are some of the problems( that Xi Wang may have in the future.) 10.If farmers cut down trees and forests, giant pandas will have nowhere to live.11.Mothers often leave baby pandas for two whole days on their own.12.We can take the following actions to protest giant pandas .13. Encourage farmers to leave the giant panda reserves. 鼓励农民离开大熊猫保护区。14. I will see some beautiful birds if I walk through a rainforest. 15. We call her Xi Wang. It means “hope”.16. She started to go outside her home for the first time.17. If hunters catch a giant panda, they will kill it for its fur.18. If tigers live in the wild, they hunt for their own food. 19.Tigers live as a family if they have babies.Wolves live in family groups if they are in the wild.狼在旷野中以家庭的形式群居。20.They are in danger because people like their fur and make medicine from their bones. 21.I think you should not buy clothes （made of animal fur）. 22.If farmers continue to make new farmland, wild animals wont get enough food.如果农民继续开辟新的农田，那么野生动物将得不到足够的食物。23.Mother giant pandas have only one or two babies at a time.24.Their number is getting smaller and smaller because their living areas are becoming farmland.他们的数量越来越少，因为他们的居住地正变成农田。25.They seldom hurt people.它们很少伤害人。26. If we do nothing, soon there will be no giant pandas in the world.27. We are writing to you about protecting wild animals.28. They do not kill for fun.29. They are friendly towards each other and never attack people.30. They look lovely on me. 31. Baby giant pandas spend a lot of time drinking their mums milk -up to 14 hours a day.32. What action(s) can the club take ?33.Lets enjoy ourselves.34.He invited me to join in their school trip to the World Park.35.We arrived at the World Park.( = reached / got to )36.There was a lot of traffic on the city roads but it got better when we were on the highway.37.Kitty and I did not feel sick any more.58.There are over a hundred places of interest from all over the world.59.Daniel taught himself how to make a home page.60.He put his photos on it for everyone to look at.61. Go and see for yourself.62.I didnt like the traveling from the one place to another.63.They were amazing, werent they?64.It took half an hour to get to the World Park from school.65.Daniel took some photos during the trip.66.Take/ have a look at the photos of our school trip.三、语法：1 使用前缀un-，in-, im-, dis-, ir-来构成形容词的反义词:a. 大多数形容词前面加un构成反义词，如：happy- unhappy kind- unkind true- untrue able- unable comfortable- uncomfortable friendly- unfriendly b. 以c开头的形容词用前缀in-构成反义词， 如：correct- incorrect c. 以p开头的形容词用前缀im-构成反义词， 如：possible- impossible polite- impolited. 以r开头的形容词用前缀ir-构成反义词， 如：regular- irregulare. 有些形容词用前缀dis-构成反义词， 如：honest- dishonest agreeable- disagreeable2. 方式副词的构成a. 大多数形容词加ly构成副词， 如：quiet- quietly fluent- fluentlyb. 形容词去e加y构成副词，如：gentle- gently possible- possibly c. 以y结尾的形容词去 y加ily构成副词，如：easy- easily happy- happily angry- angrily friendly- friendlilyd. 特殊情况：true- truly shy- shyly whole- wholly good- well形容词与副词同形，如： fast, early, ill, late, back, straight，alone3 （ 1.） 用一般现在时表示将来的安排、节目、时刻表、日历。如：It is Sunday tomorrow. The bus returns to school at 5 p.m.（2.） 用现在进行时表示较近将来的计划。如：The plane is leaving soon. He is coming back in a few minutes. 2help people solve problem 帮助人们解决问题help是使役动词，后可跟带to或不带to的动词不定式，还可用help sb. with sth.的词组。I often help my mother (to) do some house work. = I often help my mother with some housework.我经常帮妈妈做些家务。solve problem 解决问题3、Make people happy 使人们高兴a. make ( + sb./sth. ) + adj. 使怎么样例如：My little dog death makes me sad. 我的小狗的死使我难过。 b. make 做使役动词，后跟不带to的动词不定式。 例如：He tells funny jokes and always makes me laugh. 他讲笑话总把我逗笑。 c. 其它的make 的词组：make friends 交朋友 make the bed 铺床 make tea 沏茶 make cakes 做蛋糕4条件状语从句A在表示假设情况的条件状语从句中中，主句用一般将来时，从句中用一般现在时表示将来，当 从句放在主句之前时，用逗号将从句与主句隔开，但当主句在前从句在后时，则不需要逗号。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go fishing.B在表示一个客观事实或经常性有规律性的事实的条件状语从句中，主句与从句都用一般现在时。If you step on a snake, it attacks you.If I dont have food, I die.Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?5.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1)原级，即原形。2)比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。3)最高级，表示“最”的意思。 1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est cold colder coldest strong stronger strongest fast faster fastest slow slow slowest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-st nice nicer nicest large larger largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbig bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest hot hotter hottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y”为“i”，再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiest happy happier happiest early earlier earliest少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er，-estclever cleverer cleverest narrownarrower narrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most delicious interesting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easily carefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则变化good/well better best bad/badly worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 6形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较 Mr King is taller than Mr Read This mooncakes Is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all? She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest. Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much，a little等来修饰，如：much better a little taller7.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)(1)主动语态和被动语态英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)Many people speak English.(主动语态)English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)(2)被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子，将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的肯定式，否定式及疑问式列表如下：一般现在时肯定式I am askedYou are asked He/She is askedWe are asked You are asked They are asked否定式I am not asked You are not asked He/She is not askedWe are not asked You are not asked They are not asked疑问式Am I asked ？ Are you asked？ Is he/She asked ？Are we asked ？ Are you asked ？ Are they asked？一般过去时肯定式I was asked You were asked He/She was askedWe were asked You were askedThey were asked否定式I was not asked You were not asked He/She was not askedWe were not asked You were not asked They were not asked疑问式was I asked？ were you asked？ was he/She asked？were we asked？ were you asked？ were they asked？(3)含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：This bicycle can be mended in two hour。This trees may be planted in spring。The room must be kept clean。The flowers should be watered often。(4)被动语态的用法当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，需要被动语态。如：This jacket is made of cotton。English is spoken in Canada。简单句五种句型精讲一、句子成份组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语，定语，状语等。 顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况定。 1、主语：主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物， He likes watching TV.2、谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类： 1)简单谓语：由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 We study for the people. 2)复合谓语：情态动词不带to的不定式 I can speak a little English. 3、表语:表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(比如be)之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。My sister is a nurse. 4、宾语: 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，We like English.有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink. 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monitor.5、宾补: 就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语的 I see you crossing the street 6、定语: 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room/there/to be repaired is mine. 7、状语: 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London. 二、简单句的五种基本句型基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主谓表） 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补） 三、句型实例句型一： （主谓） 主语+不及物动词+状语此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The sun was shining. The moonrose. The universeremains. We allbreathe, eat, and drink. Who cares? 管它呢？ What he saiddoes not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。Theytalked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流利。 1). 学生们学习很努力。_2). 她再次向我道歉。 _3). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _句型二：主语+连系动词+表语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 His face turned red. 他的脸红了。4) We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚。5) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如：6) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。7) Dont have the food. _.不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。8) The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。Whoknowsthe answer? 谁知道答案？Shesmiledher thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。Hehas refusedto help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。Heenjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。Theyatewhat was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。HesaidGood morning. 他说：早上好！Iwantto have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。Headmitsthat he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。9) 我昨天看了一部电影。_.10) You place me in a difficult situation._。11）They finally managed to get along with us. _。12）They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。13）I dont like being treated like this._。句型四：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个