成本公式汇总.doc

一、Accounting for materials1. EOQCo=cost of placing one order Ch= holding cost per unitD=demand per annumQ=re-order quantityAnnual stockholdingCosts =Annual stock ordering=EBQ一边生产一边消费Q=batch size D=demand per annumCh=cost of holding one unit for one year Co=cost of setting a batch ready to be produceR=annual replenishment rate2.Stock control system.minimum stock levelreorder level (average usage average lead time) maximum stock levelMaximum level = reorder level + reorder quantity (minimum usage minimum lead time) average inventory = safety inventory + free inventory=physical inventory + inventory on order inventory requisitioned (not issued)二、Accounting for labor 1. direct labor cost Time-based system Wages = (Hours worked basic rate of pay per hour) + (overtime hours worked overtime premium per hour )Idle time: time spent doing nothing is called idle time.Overtime premium: overtime hours are paid at a higher rate than the basic hourly rate.Bonus payments: a payment in addition to a basic salary, either for achieving or exceeding certain targets.Piecework systems Wages = Units produced Rate of pay per unit2. labor turnoverLabor turnover = 3. labor efficiencyEfficiency ratio= XXCapacity ratio=Production volume ratio=上式=三、Accounting for overheads1.absorption costing Prime cost / direct costOverheads / indirect costProduction overheads (indirect materials, indirect labor, indirect expenses)Non-production overheads (administration overheads, selling and distribution overheads)Absorption rate= Predetermined absorption rate= 2. under/over absorbeda. If Actual overhead incurred Absorbed overhead = NEGATIVE (N), then overheads are over absorbed (O) (NO)b.If Actual overhead incurred Absorbed overhead = POSITIVE (P), then overheads are under absorbed (U) (PU)Overhead absorbed=Actual activity * absorption rate based on the budget.Cost ledger: a manufacturing organization might record its costs in a set of ledger accounts, called cost ledger.The ledgers not contain accounts for bank, debtors, non-current assets.Cost control accounts, it is for recording the matching double entry whenever the entry would be to an account not contained in the cost ledger.Raw material, WIP or Finished goodsa. Buy: Dr raw material Cr cost control b. issue: Dr WIP Dr production Dr non-production Cr raw materialc. finished: Dr finished good Cr WIPLabora.Pay: Dr salary and wages Cr cost control b.Apportion: Dr WIP Dr production Dr non-production Cr salary and wagesManufacturing overheada. Incurred: Dr production Cr cost control b. Absorption: Dr WIP Cr production c. Over-absorbed: Dr production Cr Under-absorbed: Dr Cr production 四、1.job costing Price=unit cost + profitprice= unit cost+ （unit cost “1” *n%）2. Batch costingCost per unit batch =五、1.Normal lossSolution procedures:Calculate the number of normal loss unitsCalculate the expected number of output unitsTotal the process costsCalculate the cost per unitWrite up the process account and normal loss account2. Abnormal lossWIP: work-in-progress product.Equivalent units: units of output remains in an uncompleted state can be expressed as a proportion of a completed unit.3. Weight average methodEquivalent units: all completed units and the closing WIP work done.Costs to be accounted for: opening stock values and current costs.Cost per equivalent unitCosts of finished productionComplete the process account4.The FIFO methodEquivalent units: the completion of opening WIP, units started and completed in the period, the work done on closing WIP.Costs to be accounted for: current cost added.Cost per equivalent unit.Cost of finished production: cost from opening WIP valu