2012年英语学习背景知识复习.doc

2012概况内部出题资料 一填空题1. The British Isles consists of two large islands; one is called and the other . Britain, or Great Britain, is the larger of these two islands, and it is divided into three parts: , , . Britain, Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales2. The full title of Britain is , which consists of . And the people in these four provinces are respectively called . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the English, the Scottish, the Irish, the Welsh3. The capital of the United Kingdom is . There are two other cities in Britain containing over a million people each, that is, . London, Birmingham, Glasgow4. in particular are very proud of their separate nationality; they have their own . And some of their internal affairs are managed by , though they have no separate . The Scots, legal system, special Scottish departments, Parliament5. In the year 1066, Duke of Normandy claimed the English throne, and after defeating and killing the Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings, he went on to conquer the whole country, and to merit the name of . William the Conqueror6. There were three great Germanic tribes which invaded Britain: . the Anglos, the Saxons, the Jutes7. Other countries have a ; in England we have . climate, weather8. of the 1960s changed the pattern of English life. It has broken down social barriers among the young. It has also helped to sweep away many of the inhibitions which gave the British their reputation for being . The Pop Revolution, cold and reserved9. The permissive society saw the popularity of pop groups, among which the most famous are (made up of four Liverpool boys) and . the Beatles, the Rolling Stones10. The government of Britain has for many countries been shared by three supreme authorities: . the Monarch, the Lords, the Commons11. today is left without any power at all. The Monarch12. It is who approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet. the Queen13. It is who summons Parliament and who introduces the new session with a speech from the Throne in which she summarizes the governments programme. the Queen14. is always there, above party quarrels, representing the nation as a whole, and leading dignity and significance to all things done in her name. The Queen15. is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world. The British parliament16. Parliamentary government in the United Kingdom is based on a two-chamber system: and . the Lords, the Commons17. Parliament has a maximum duration of years. At any time up to the end of this period, a general election can be held for a new . 5, government18. Members of the House of Lords consist of and . Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal19. is also the final court of appeal for civil cases in the UK and for the criminal cases in England. The House of Lords20. The House is divided according to , the stronger party or parties forming , and the weaker . political parties, the Government, the Opposition21. The leader of the Government is the . He is assisted by various other Ministers in charge of various departments. Prime Minister22. About sixteen or eighteen of the most important Ministers are members of , which is a kind of supreme government committee. Cabinet23. There is no in Britain. written constitution24. There have been no violent changes in the constitution since the of 1688. Glorious Revolution25. In Britain, the party of the Right is , their opponents often call them , which was their old name; the party of the Left is , whom their opponents prefer to call . the Conservative Party, Tories, the Labor Party, the Socialists26. One of the central characteristics of Conservatives is a belief in . Conservatives also tend to believe in a . private enterprise, a governing class27. Conservatives are against too much government control of . government control28. The central belief of the Labour Party is that businessmen be trusted to serve the best interests of the community. can not29. The Irish Nationalists want Northern Ireland to become part of the , in this way they are opposed particularly by the . Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionists30. There is no of the British Press. censorship31. The and support the Conservative Party and _ is Communist. Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, Morning Star32. The police cannot hold anyone for more than without bringing him before a court. No prison without trial is one of the most important rights that an Englishman has. It dates from the . 24 hours, Habeas Corpus Act of 167933. have had very little training in law and they receive no salary. They cannot give prison sentences of more than or order fines of more than . Magistrates, or the Justices of Peace 6 months, 40034. In London, prisoners accused of serious offences are tried at the , the Central Criminal Court(中央刑事法庭). Old Bailey35. The beginning of the jury system can be found in the century. A British jury is composed of members. 11th, 1236. In a British court of law the accused is always until he is proved guilty. always innocent37. The legal profession in Britain is divided into two branches: (called “advocates” in Scotland) and . barristers, solicitors38. is the voluntary association of 54 independent countries. Its head is . The Commonwealth of Nations, the British Queen39. A meeting of the is usually held once every years, at locations throughout the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Heads of Government, two40. The beginnings of the self-government movement in British colonies probably lie with Report on the Affairs of British North American (1839). Lord Durham41. The Australian colonies formed a federation in . There was a union of the South African colonies in . 1901, 191042. Parliament passed in 1931, which embodied this declaration in a self-denying ordinance. the Statue of Westminster43. In 1965 a was established in London, with a secretary general and a staff drawn from and supported by the member states. Its duties were and_. Commonwealth secretariat, the Commonwealth cooperation, the conduct of Commonwealth meetings44. There was also a certain amount of intra-commonwealth economic aid, although most aid was bilateral between_ and_. donors, recipients45. In 1905 the extreme nationalist _ party was founded by Arthur Griffith. Sinn Fein46. A new organization, _, was formed and waged guerrilla warfare against the British until they conceded the establishment of the Irish Free State. The Irish Republican Party47. There is complete _in Britain. _has always played an important part in the national way of life. Religious freedom, Religion48. _is the Primate of all England, he is the spiritual leader of_. The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Church of England49. England is divided into forty-two districts called_, which are subdivided into smaller districts called_. Dioceses, parishes50. _must be in communion with the Church of England. The Monarch51. In addition to legislating for the Church by Measure, _has the power to legislate by Canon in its own domestic affairs such as worship and doctrine. The General Synod52. Many people would say that the Church of England today is both_and . Protestant, Catholic53. Every week, every employed man and woman in Britain has to pay the State a certain sum of money as a compulsory contribution for . and . National Insurance, National Health54. As well as these deductions for national insurance, many people suffer a further deduction from their salary for . income tax55. All the contributions and taxes mentioned so far are levied by the . Local authorities also levy a tax, called the . the central government, rates56. In addition to the sickness benefit, there is a providing free medical and hospital services to everybody who needs them. National Health Service57. In 1972, the school-leaving age (in England and Wales) was raised from fifteen to , so that all children have a minimum of years compulsory full-time education. Children begin their education in the State system at the age of . 16, 11, 558. Any child may leave school at without attempting any of the public examinations, but an increasing number of boys and girls are taking the_ examinations or the . 16, Certificate of Secondary Education, General Certificate of Education59. and are the oldest of the British universities, dating from 1249 and 1284. Oxford, Cambridge60. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, four universities were founded in Scotland: St. Andrews (1411), (1450), Aberdeen(1494) and (1583). Glasgow, Edinburgh61. include all the provincial universities of the period 1850-1930, as well as London University. Redbrick universities62. , originally planned by the Labor Party as a “university of the air”, is probably the cheapest and most far-reaching method yet found of spreading further education. The Open University63. Every employer has to pay a whether he takes advantage of the system or not. National Insurance and National Health contributions64. has enjoyed an immense popularity ever since he wrote his wonderful stories about the imaginary detective Sherlock Holmes. Conan Doyle65. are very popular, especially the famous James Bond books by . spy stories, Jan Fleming66. The theme of by H.G. Wells is a very common one in science fiction. The Time Machine67. Many others are set in the past, and contain interesting historical information often based on sound knowledgethese are what we call . historical novels68. In the year 1066, the French-speaking Normans under invaded England from France, defeating the Saxon king Harold at the . William the Conqueror, the Battle of Hastings69. After the year 1066, the next episode most people remember is the . the Crusades70. The Church was extremely powerful in those days, and the , who could always inspire the fear of eternal damnation by a king or even a whole nation. Pope in Rome, excommunicating71. The other great rivals, besides the Church, of the kings authority were the powerful local chiefs, called , who were always causing trouble. barons72. was succeeded in 1558 by her half-sister Elizabeth, whose main interest lay in creating a strong united country in which there should be no more religious persecution, gradually became the dominant faith. Bloody Mary, Protestantism73. remains in English minds as an age of glory. The Elizabethan age74. believed in “the Divine Right of the King”, so for a time, he actually ruled without Parliament, and levied taxes without Parliaments approval. King Charles I75. In the 18th century, Britain was continually at war with France. The famous victories won by Britain include the Battle of Blenheim 1704 by the 1815 by the Duke of Wellington over Napoleon, and the equally famous great naval victorythe Battle of Trafalgar 1805, over Napoleons fleet by Lord Nelson. The Battle of Waterloo76. The era known as (1760-1850) was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. Industrial Revolution77. By , the settlers renounced their British citizenship and became Americans. The Declaration of Independence78. The modern police force was founded by , and policemen used to be called , and are still called, rather affectionately, bobbies. Robert Peel, Peelers79. The Origin of Species was written by . Charles Darwin80. Of the great Victorian Prime Ministers after Peel, we associate Lord Palmerston with national optimism and with pride in the Empire. Disraeli81. The First World War began in between the Allies and the Central Powers. It ended in with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the establishment of the League of Nations. 1914, 191882. In England, the first great blow to the Roman Catholic Church was delivered by . Henry VIII83. The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of six states. Five are on the mainland_, _,_,_and _.The sixth is the island state of _.(Answers: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; Tasmania)84. Australia is the worlds largest island and its continent. The three natural regions extend as broad bands from north to south across the continent. These are _, _and _.(Answers: the Eastern Highlands/the Great Dividing Range, the Central Lowland, the Western Plateau )85. Australias highest point is _, which rises to 7,305 feet above sea level in the part of the highlands known as the _.(Answers: Mount Kosciusko, Australian Alps)86. _is Australias most important river, it flows for 1,600 miles from its source in the Australian Alps to its mouth near Adelaide. (Answer: the Murray)87. _is the center of Australias gold-mining industry. (Answer: Kalgoorlie)88. The sparsely settled interior of Australia is known as _, there cattleraising is the largest industry. (Answer: the outback) 89. _and _stand testimony to the Australian aboriginal culture.(Answers: Rock and bark paintings, engravings)90. Australians public health and welfare system is paid for by _, financed in turn by _.(Answers: Federal and State Governments, taxpayers)91. _is a term which describes the cultural and ethnic diversity of contemporary Australia. (Answer: Multiculturalism)92. Eighty-five percent of Australian people live in cities. Most are concentrated in the six state capitals-_,_,_,_,_and_.（Answers：Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart）93. Manhattan Island includes everything that most people think of New York. New York City is composed of five boroughs: _. Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Richmond and Queens94. _ is the clearest dividing line between the north and the south in the United States. The Potomac River95. On southwards down the Atlantic coast in America are the_ states as agriculture is concerned. Tobacco and cotton96. Detroit, Michigan is the home of the great American automobile makes, _. Ford, General Motors and Chrysler97. _, incorporated in 1916 in Seattle, is the largest global aircraft manufacturer by revenue. Boeing98. _ is the first European to discover the American continent, but _ are the natives. Christopher Columbus, the American Indians99. In 1664 the English took over the colony of_ and changed its name to New York. New Amsterdam100. In the 18th century the settlements along the east coast were organized as _, each with a governor, under British rule. colonies101. The form of American government is based on three main principles, _. federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law102. The federal government of the US has three elements- _. executive (the President), legislature (Congress) and judicial103. Harvard is situated in _, in the urban area of Boston. Yale (founded in 1701) is in _, between Boston and New York. Cambridge, New Haven104. In the United States, the first and second class compartments on a train are called _. Pullman, coach105. The incumbent (现任) 44th American president is_, a Democrat. Barrack Obama106. In 1867, the _ was passed, uniting Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with Ontario and Quebecthe former Upper and Lower Canadasto found the modern Canadian nation. Since then, six more provinces and three territories have been added. And it achieved full independence in 1931. British North America Act107. The national anthem of Canada is _. The capital city of Canada is _. O Canada, Ottawa108. Canada is a _. The executive government “is vested in the Queen” of Canada. In strict law the powers o