心理学专业外语：The reductionism debate in psychology.docx

The reductionism debate in psychology心理学的还原论辩论Reductionism VS Holism & InteractionismReductionismAssumptions还原论理论假设Reductionism involves explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts-analysing it. 还原论是通过先把一个现象分解成它的组成部分，之后再分析其组成部分的方式来解释某个现象。Reductionism works on the scientific assumption of parsimony-that complex phenomena should be explained by the simplest underlying principles possible.还原论致力于简约的科学假设，认为复杂的现象应该尽可能被一些最简单的而且深层的原理来解释。Holism&InteractionismAssumptions整体说与相互作用论理论假设Holism looks at same/higher level explanations. Interactionism shows how many aspects of a phenomenon or levels of explanation can interact together to provide a complete picture.整体说注重在同一水平或更高水平对某种现象做出解释。相互作用论说明一种现象是由多少个方面，或一种解释是由多少个层次通过彼此间相互作用来形成一个完整的画面的。Both approaches involve taking a gestalt approach, assuming that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.这两种研究方法都采用格式塔的研究方法，假设“整体大于各部分之和”。 ReductionismExamples in psychology还原论心理学范例There have been many reductionist attempts to explain behaviour in psychology, for example:已经有许多还原论者试图用心理学来解释行为，例如： Structuralism-one of the first approaches to psychology pioneered by Wundt and Titchener involved trying to break conscious experience down into its constituent images,sensations,and feelings.构造主义-由冯特和铁钦钠创始的最早的心理学研究方法之一的构造主义试图将意识经验分解为表象、感觉和情感三种基本元素。 Behaviourism-assumed that complex behaviour was the sum of all past stimulus-response learning units.行为主义-假设复杂的行为是所有过去“刺激-反应”学习单元的总和。 Biopsychology-aims to explain all at the psychological or mental level in terms of that at the physiological, neurochemical or genetic level.Ultimately,psychology would be replaced by biology and the other natural sciences lower down on the reductionist ladder.生物心理学-旨在从生理学、神经化学或基因水平的角度来解释所有心理和精神层面的问题。最终，心理学将被生物学和其他位于还原论之梯的底层的自然科学所取代。 A simple reductionist hierarchy of explanation.一个简单的还原论解释层次。Holism&InteractionismExamples in psychology整体说与相互作用论心理学范例Other approaches have proposed higher level holistic and/or interactionist explanations of human behaviour,for example:其他的研究方法提出从更高水平的整体或相互作用的角度对人类的行为做出解释，例如： Humanistic psychology-investigates all aspects of the individual as well as the effect of interactions between people.Gestalt therapy developed by Fritz Perls aims to enable people to accept and cope with all aspects of their life and personality.人本主义心理学-研究单独个体和人们之间相互作用影响的各个方面。由帕尔斯推动发展的格式塔疗法，旨在使人们能够接受并处理他们生活和人格的各方面的问题。 Social psychology-looks at the behaviour of individuals in a social context.Group behaviour may show characteristics that are greater than the sum of the individuals which comprise it(or less in the case of social loafing!).社会心理学-从社会背景中审视个体的行为。群体行为可以展示出的特质比包含其中的个体的总和更有说服力（至少说明社会惰化的情况）。 Psychoanalysis-Freud adopted an interactionist approach, in that he considered that behaviour was the result of dynamic interaction between id, ego, and superego.精神分析-弗洛伊德采用了相互作用者的研究方法，因为他认为行为是本我、自我和超我之间动态相互作用的结果。Abnormal psychology-mental disorders are often explained by an interaction of biological,psychological, and environmental factors. Schizophrenia may be due to a genetic predisposition triggered by environmental stress.An eclectic approach to therapy is often taken using drugs and psychotherapy.变态心理学-心理障碍通常被解释为生理的、心理的和环境的因素的相互作用。精神分裂症可能是受环境压力触发的一种遗传倾向。一种折衷的治疗方法（折衷主义学派）是把药物治疗和心理治疗相结合。Perception-illusions show that humans perceive more than the sum of the sensations of the retina.知觉-错觉说明人们知觉到的信息多于视网膜感受到的信息之和。ReductionismFor还原论支持Reductionist explanations in psychology adopt a very scientific and analytical approach, which has worked very well with the natural sciences.心理学中还原论的解释采用了一个非常科学和善于分析的研究方法，这使其与自然科学很好的结合在了一起。 By breaking phenomena down into smaller simple components(as behaviourism did with stimulus-response units)these constituent parts are often more easily tested.通过把现象分解为较小的简单的成分（正如行为主义将其分为“刺激-反应”单元那样），这些成分更易于测试。By explaining behavioural phenomena in terms of their underlying physical basis,psychology gains the scientific support and credibility of these well established and robust sciences,and unifies with them to provide a consistent picture of the universe通过从深层的物质基础的角度来解释行为现象，心理学获得了确定的且强大的科学的科学支持和可信性，并且将它们统一在一起也提供了一幅一致的宇宙图像。Holism&InteractionismFor整体说与相互作用论支持The interactionist approach can integrate many different levels of explanation to provide a more complete and realistic understanding of behaviour.相互作用论的研究方法能够整合不同层次水平的解释，使人们能够对行为进行更全面的、更实际的理解。Holism does not ignore the complexity and the emergent properties of higher level phenomenon.For example, there may be aspects of crowd behaviour that could not be explained in terms of the individuals in that crowd.整体说并没有忽视更高级现象的复杂性和突变特征。例如,群体行为的某些方面并不能从群体中个体的行为角度进行解释。Functional explanations are only possible at higher levels-examining the social reasons why we show a certain aggressive behaviour is often more useful than providing a detailed neuronal,hormonal and physiological explanation of the act.功能角度的解释只可能在较高水平出现-从社会原因的角度考察，为什么我们表现出一种特定的攻击行为要比我们对一种行为提供详细的神经、激素和生理方面的解释要有用的多。ReductionismAgainst还原论反对Oversimplification-reductionist explanations often ignore many important interactions and the emergent properties of phenomena at higher levels.The whole may be greater than the sum of its parts.过分简单化-还原论者的解释常常忽视许多重要的相互作用和较高级现象的突变特性。整体大于其各个部分之和。Value of explanation-higher level explanations may be less detailed and more useful than lower level ones.The meaning of an action, such as a hand wave, is only gained from its situation (e.g. greeting or drowning) not its underlying physiological description.解释价值-较高水平的解释可能比较低水平的解释更加概括更加有价值。一个动作的含义，如挥手只能从它所处的情境中进行解释（比如打招呼或溺水时进行求救）而不能只注重其潜在的生理描述。Validity of reductionism-Rose(1976)argues that different levels of discourse cannot be substituted for each other.This raises the problem of the relationship between the mind and the brain-is a feeling of pain the same as the activation of nerve cells in a particular part of your brain? A neurologist may follow the neuronal path of a pin prick up the arm and into a reception area of the brain, but the neurologist would have to rely on your conscious (psychological level) verbal report to know whether you felt pain or not.还原论的正确性-罗斯（1976）认为,不同水平的论述不能相互替代。这引发了关于心理和大脑关系的问题-一种疼痛的感觉能等同于你大脑中某个特殊部分的神经细胞的兴奋吗？一位神经病学家可能沿着大头针刺痛手臂的神经通路传至大脑接收疼痛信息的神经中枢进行研究，但神经病学家不得不依赖于你在神志清醒时的（心理层面）口头报告来得知你是否感觉到了疼痛。 Holism&InteractionismAgainst整体说与相互作用论反对There is a great practical difficulty in investigating the integration of explanations from different levels.Research into mental disorders is beginning to understand the interaction of environmental, psychological, and b