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International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922A standard conical point drill grinding machineM.A. Fugelso*Industrial Engineering Department, The University of Minnesota, 176 Engineering Building, Duluth, MN 55812,USAReceived 13 August 1999; received in revised form 7 July 2000; accepted 13 July 2000AbstractThis paper describes a drill grinding machine that can produce conical twist drill points with very accu-rately specified point shapes. The machine is adjusted by precise orthogonal movements using shims andgages to make sure that the drill parameters are set precisely. The confidence in the point shape producedis high enough that inspection of the points produced is not necessary.Keywords: Drill grinding; Drill sharpening; Cone model drill point; Twist drill grinding1. IntroductionThere are some problems in the adjustment of existing simple conical twist drill grindingmachines. Many of these machines allow the operator to easily vary point parameters that arenot very important as far as drilling performance is concerned, such as point angle, and at thesame time do not allow straightforward adjustment of parameters that have a very powerful effecton performance, such as skew distance, d parameter described by Tsai and Wu 1,2 and wparameter described by Fugelso 3,4. Most machines adjust w in a trial-and-error manner untilan acceptable but uncharacterized drill is produced. This leads to variations in batches of drillpoints produced.After a conical drill point has been produced it is very difficult to measure the point andascertain its model parameters. It is easy to find the sum of q and f because twice that sum isthe easily measured point angle, but separating q and f is difficult. The measured chisel edgeangle contains the w parameter and w cannot easily be separated from the chisel edge angle.While the d parameter cannot be measured directly, Tsai and Wu 1 showed that it can be inferred* Fax: +1-218-726-8596.E-mail address: (M.A. Fugelso).916M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922Nomenclatureddistance between tip of drill and tip of grinding cone measured parallel to coneaxisDdrill diameterHRheight of calibrating rod tip over the baseHSheight of contact point of square calibrating bar and grinding wheel over the baseLa calibration distancePskew distance adjusting shim thicknessP0thickness of shim P that causes the drill axis to intersect the cone axis AA9Qa parameter adjusting shim thicknessQ0shim thickness required to produce d=0 on a drill of diameter D=0QCthickness of shim Q in place during Q0calibration, any thickness will doRdistance from base to top side of gage GR0distance from base to tip of calibrating rodSskew distance between drill axis and grinding cone axiswwidth of gage block to set w parameterw0width of gage block that lines up with cone axis in side view, Fig. 2Wdrill web thicknessqgrinding cone half anglefangle between drill axis and grinding cone axiswrotation of drill blank about its own axis before grindingfrom the chisel edge angle if the other parameters are known. This confounding of cone modelparameters makes it difficult to inspect points, and it is therefore important to produce the pointscorrectly in the first place.This paper describes a twist drill grinding machine that allows the setting of all of the conedrill point parameters and makes sure that these parameters are well known and repeatable. Thisis because they are set directly from first principles using shims and gage blocks to position thedrill blank precisely. And it can be calibrated with as little knowledge of grinder part dimensionsas possible.2. Description of grinderFig. 1 shows the cone model of a twist drill point with the parameters cone half angle (q),drill axis to cone axis angle (f), skew distance (S) and distance from cone tip to drill tip (d) asdescribed by Tsai and Wu 1.Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the standard conical drill grinder. The axis AA9 is the axisof the cone model. The angle q is set at 30 as this gives a good distribution of relief angle alongthe cutting edge, but not too large a chisel edge angle, see Fugelso 4; a chisel edge angle lessthan 120 sacrifices potential drill performance. The angle f is fixed at 29 to give a standard917M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922Fig. 1.Cone model of a twist drill point.Fig. 2.Side view of the standard conical twist drill grinder.point angle of 118, the point angle being double the sum of f and q. If desired q and f couldbe different, but the above values should be adequate for a wide range of applications.Skew distance has a great effect on drill geometry. A small change in skew distance changesthe relief angles as defined in 5 a great deal. An increase in skew distance results in a uniform918M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922increase in relief angle over the entire length of the cutting edge of the drill. Typically the skewdistance is about equal to the web thickness. The skew distance S can be accurately adjusted byvarying the thickness of shim P, Fig. 3. The value of skew distance is equal to a machine constantP0determined after construction minus the shim thickness P.The d parameter can be adjusted with shim Q, Fig. 3. The shim Q causes displacements atright angles to the displacements caused by shim P, raising and lowering the drill blank. Theshim thickness Q is given by the following equation that is a function of drill diameter D andthe d parameter:Q5Q02D2 sin 45 sin(q+f)2dcos q.(1)The d parameter is a function of the drill diameter because the drill is held in a V groove. Ifthe drill were held in a chuck, d would not be a function of drill diameter. The value of d shouldbe equal to 6090% of the drill diameter, as small as possible without making the chisel edgeangle too large, i.e., greater than 133. This results in the relief angle increasing as much aspossible along the cutting edge traveling toward the drill axis. Most existing drill grinders do notallow adjustment of this parameter and have a built-in fixed d value that is marginally acceptablefor large drills and much too large for smaller drills.The top side of gage G must be at a distance J from the cone tip to properly align w, Fig. 2.J is given by:J5d1d cos q2 sin(q+f).(2)Then distance R would be:R5R02J.(3)Fig. 3.Isometric view of the standard conical twist drill grinder.919M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922Fig. 4.Setting distance R, with drill rotated 90 about cone axis.Fig. 4 shows the distance R from gage G to the base. The gage G must be positioned along theZ axis of the flute stop, Fig. 5, so that it engages the flute of the drill, but this is not a precisionadjustment because of the concave shape of the flute. The w parameter is adjusted by the width(w) of gage G. The drill holder rotates 90 about the cone axis AA9. Then the gage contacts thepoint on the drill where the cutting edge will reach the outside diameter after grinding has takenplace, Figs. 4 and 5. This results in setting w from first principles, w is given by the following equ-ation:Fig. 5.Setting drill point w parameter.920M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922w5w02W22D2tan w.(4)The w parameter ranges from zero to a small positive angle, not more than +15. Increasing wby 1 increases the chisel edge angle by 1. Increasing w has a beneficial effect on the distributionof relief angle along the cutting edge, see Fugelso 3,4. But doing this increases chisel edgeangle. The chisel edge angle must be less than about 133 or the chisel edge will be too long.Often the w parameter is increased to compensate for a built-in d parameter that is too large, asdemonstrated by Fugelso 3.After touching off the drill flute on the gage G as shown in Fig. 4, the drill is clamped in theV groove drill holder and the drill holder is rotated backward by 90 on the cone axis, encoun-tering the grinding wheel and forming half the point. The drill is then loosened and rotated about180, and the drill holder is rotated forward 90. The second flute is touched off on gage G toline up the second half of the point and the drill is reclamped. Then the drill holder is rotatedback again, forming the second half of the point. For clarity the clamps and AA9 axis rotationstops are not shown on the figures.3. CalibrationIt is desirable to calibrate the machine without explicitly knowing the dimensions of the grinderbecause then the calibration is not affected by inaccurately formed or measured parts. While thereis no easy way to get around measuring the angular dimensions, it is possible to calibrate withoutknowing many of the linear dimensions. But, finding P0is very simple and may be found utilizingordinary measuring tools.The calibration of Q0and R0assumes that the grinding wheel can be moved along its axis ofrotation and returned to a previous axial position accurately. R0may be found by replacing therotating part of the grinder with a conical pointed calibrating rod, dashed lines in Fig. 2. R0isthe distance from the base to the tip of the rod when the side of the cone touches the grindingwheel. The height HRfrom the tip of the rod to the base must be recorded to use in the calibrationof Q0. HRonly needs to measured once because it has a constant ratio with R0.Q0may be found by placing a square calibrating bar on the V groove and measuring theheight HSfrom the base to the point of contact of the square bar and the grinding wheel, dashedlines in Fig. 2. Also, the distance L should be measured at this point for future recalibrations. Then:Q05HR2HS1QC.(5)In a grinding machine intended to produce a wide range of drill diameters, the range of shimQ thicknesses required may be inconveniently large. The grinding wheel may be translated to theleft increasing L, Fig. 2. Increasing L from its originally measured value will increase d and threeof the calibration constants according to the following relations:Dd5DL/tan q2DL tan(902q2f) cos q,DR05DL/sin q,DHR5DL/tan q,DHS(6)921M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 9159225DL tan(902q2f).Eq. (6) also may be used to recalibrate the machine after dressing the side of the grindingwheel. The effect of wheel dressing is to create a small DL.4. AccuracyWhen the V groove drill holder is in the position shown in Fig. 2, there is a very small gapbetween the drill point and the grinding wheel. The gap width is given by:Gap width5S(W/2)2D.(7)The gap width approaches 0.0 as the skew distance approaches its lower limit of W/2. This gapincreases with increasing skew distance. Neglecting this gap produces a small error in of thesecond term of Eq. (2) of about 1%. This could result in a fraction of a degree error in the wparameter. This is acceptable because w is normally specified in whole degrees, not fractions.5. DiscussionThe drill points created by this standard drill grinder can be compared with drills produced byother grinders in a number of ways. The surface of the drill flank and its edges could be measuredwith a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) to compare the point produced by a productiongrinder with a standard point. This would tell if the two points were the same. However, it wouldbe good for the comparison if the drill parameters of the point could be extracted from the flanksurface points measured by the CMM. Then the production drill grinder could be adjusted in arational way so that it produces points the same as the standard drill grinder.Another comparison would be to conduct tool life tests of the standard point and the productionpoint, but the problem is that the cutting performance could be quite similar for points that haddifferent shapes. The drills produced by the standard grinder are intended to provide a geometricbenchmark for tests of new drill point shapes.A third comparison would be to check the relief angle of the two drill points at the outerdiameter (OD) and at a point near the end of the chisel edge. These angles are critical to drillperformance. The relief angle near the chisel edge should be larger than at the OD. This approachwould yield good drilling performance but still leave the shape of the production drill incom-pletely specified.6. ConclusionsWhile cam-driven mechanical grinding machines and computer-controlled grinders can producea wide variety of points with programmed changeover from one point shape to another, the drill922M.A. Fugelso / International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 915922grinder proposed in this paper, although somewhat tedious to set up, can produce large batchesof identical cone points with high confidence in the point shape being produced. This is especiallyimportant for very small diameter drills because they are difficult to inspect. These drills can beused for benchmark tests of common conical drill point performance for comparison with morecomplex points produced for research. Future work would include designing measuring techniquesfor production drill flank shapes, with this grinder providing the first step toward rational compari-sons of drilling performance.References1 W.D. Tsai, S.M. Wu, Computer analysis of drill point geometry, International Journal of Machine Tool Designand Research 19 (2) (1979) 95108.2 W.D. Tsai, S.M. Wu, A mathematical model for drill point design and grinding, ASME Journal of Engineeringfor Industry 101 (1979) 330340.3 M.A. Fugelso, Cylindrical flank twist drill points, ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry 105 (1983) 183186.4 M.A. Fugelso, Conical flank twist drill points, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 30 (2)(1990) 291295.5 ISO 3002/I-1977(e): Geometry of the Active Part of Cutting Tools, Part 1: General Term, Reference Systems, Tooland Working Angles. 外文翻译专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 学 生 姓 名 黄 海 班 级 BD机制051 学 号 0520110112 指 导 教 师 邢 青 松 外文资料名称：A standard conical point drill grinding machine (用外文写)外文资料出处：International journal of machine tools&manufacture 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文 指导教师评语： 签名： 年 月 日一个标准的圆锥点钻磨床M.A. Fugelso黄海 译摘要：本文介绍了一种钻头磨床能产生锥形麻花钻点并带有非常准确的点的形状。该机器通过精确正交动作用垫片来调整，这样是为了确保钻削参数设定准确。在这一点形状制作上有足够的精度，以至于要点制作的检查都是没有必要的。关键词：钻头磨削;钻头刃磨;牙轮钻机模型点;麻花钻磨削。1 前言现在在调整现有的简单锥形麻花钻磨削机器上存在着一些问题，操作者要求很容易就能改变这些机器不同点的参数，前提是这些参数对钻削运动不重要，如点的角度，同时不能对性能有非常大影响的参数进行简单直截了当的调整，例如通过图Tsai and Wu 1,2 描述的斜距d和图Fugelso 3,4 描述的参数。大多数机器在调整上采用试错方式，直到可以制成被接受的非特性的钻削才行，这导致不同分批钻点的形成。当锥形钻头的制作完成后，使得很难衡量点和确定其模型参数。由于很容易测出点的角度的两倍，使得很容易找到和，但分离和是困难的。实测横刃角包含参数，不能够脱离横刃角，同时不能直接测量参数d ，从Tsai and Wu 1 的表中可以推断出：如果其他参数都是知道的话，横刃角度可以从中推导出来。又因为锥体模型参数很复杂，使得很难检查这些点，因此首先制做出正确的点，这是很重要的。本文介绍了一种麻花钻磨床，该磨床上所有的锥钻点参数都是允许重新设置的，并保证这些参数是常用的，并且重复性好。这是因为它们是直接用垫片和盖奇块精确定位的一套钻机，它可以校准参数甚少的磨床零件尺寸且效果很好。图1 麻钻的锥点图2 标准麻花钻一边的观察图2 磨床的描述图1显示锥体模型的麻花钻点与参数半锥角（）的轴线，锥轴角（），斜距（s）和锥尖到钻探的距离（d）如图Tsai and Wu 1,2中所描述。图2显示了圆锥钻头磨床配置标准。轴线AA是主轴的锥模。是定在30，因为沿着切削刃这可给人一个均匀分割角的感觉，但横刃角不能过大，见Fugelso 4 ;一横刃角度小于120，角度固定在29到标准值为118的点角度，点角度是和的和的两倍。如果想要和有所不同，上述的数值应该有足够广泛的应用范围。斜交距离对钻头的几何形状有很大的影响,一个斜距离的小小改变就会大大改变如 5 所定义的一样的限定的角度。增加斜交距离，将会导致限定角度按照一定的角度增长从而超过钻孔的切削边沿的整个角度。通常斜距离约等于网边厚度。如图.3，斜距中心S能由改变不同垫片的厚度P得到准确的调整。在横量减去一个垫片的厚度P后，斜交距离的数值就等于一台机器的常量。如图.3，通过调整垫片Q可以调整参数d。垫片P的位移会造成垫片Q成直角位移，以此来提高或降低钻机的空余间隙。该垫片厚度Q是可由包含钻直径D和d参数以下公式得到：其中d参数是钻孔直径，因为钻孔是放在V型槽里的。如果钻头被放在一个夹头里，d将不是钻孔直径。d的数值将和钻孔直径的60-90相当，尽可能小而不使横刃角度过大，即大于。这一结果使得随着剪切角度沿着钻轴进行切削，并使得整个角度会尽可能地增加。大多数现有的钻磨不容许调整这个参数，并有一个固定的d值，即对大的钻头仅可接受，而对小的钻头则过大。