被动语态Microsoft Word 文档.doc

被动语态讲解被动语态的时态变化（谓语动词）：基本用法（以do为例）一般进行完成现在am/is/are doneam/is/are being donehas/have been done过去was/were donewas/were being donehad been done将来shall/will be doneshall/will be being doneshall/will have been done重点解析：1. 被动语态的形式从时态上，分成现在、过去、将来，再细分为一般、进行、完成。2. 被动语态中do永远变成be done，所有的变化中done必须是保留的，而时态是把be做相应的变化而体现的。如：1) am/is/are doing 是现在进行时，而am/is/are being done是现在进行时的被动语态。2) 一般过去时的被动语态就是把be变成过去时was/were。3) 一般将来时即在be done前加了shall/ will。4）had been done中had表示时态，be改成been，即后面是been done。记住：把be做相对应的变化来改变时态。例句：1. The book was received so eagerly that it was sold out on the first day.这本书得到了公认，第一天就卖光了。（一般过去时的被动语态）2. Textbooks are required to come in time.要求课本及时到达。（一般现在时的被动语态）3. My sister wants to work in a power plant which is still being built.我妹妹想去那家尚在修建的发电厂工作。（现在进行时的被动语态）4. By the end of next May this task will have been finished.到明年五月末为止，这项任务就已经完成了。（by the end of 到.末为止，next May表示“还没有到”，所以用将来完成时will have done，变成被动语态，即will have been done）5. The railway had been completed by the end of last year.这条铁路去年末已经完工了。（同样的by the end of，因为last year表示“过去”，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，have变成了had）例1. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued2. More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. had sent C. were sent D. had been sent3. Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conductedB. have been conductedC. had conductedD. had been conducted4. All visitors to this village _ with kindness.A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated注意：1. 情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+ be doneThe control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。2. 被动语态的否定形式把not置于第一个助动词be、have或情态动词后，如：The problem is not going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题不打算在会上讨论。3. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，用于被动结构时，要看作一个整体，不能分开，介词或副词也不能省略。Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该戒除。使用被动语态的场合1. 当关注的是事情或事物本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。My car has been moved. 我的汽车有人动过。2. 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。If you break the school rules, you will be punished.如果你违犯了学校的纪律，你会受惩罚的。3. 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。He is believed to have invented the computer. 人们都相信他发明了电脑。Advertisements are seen everywhere. 广告随处可见。4. 为了更好地安排句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.那个名人上了公交车，立刻被人们认了出来。（只需一个主语）I was shown round the campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before.肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。（用定语从句使两个松散的句子变成了复合句，句子更流畅、紧凑）被动语态使用的注意要点1. 双宾语变被动句有些动词可以有两个宾语，在被动句中，通常用间接宾语（多为人）作主语，如果主语是直接宾语（多为物）时，要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词to或for等。Ann wasnt offered the job. 安没得到这份工作。The Nobel Prize was awarded to George Soros. 这项诺贝尔奖授予乔治索罗斯了。2. 加to还是不加to使役动词have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中不定式to要省略，但在被动结构时，要加to。有人看见一个陌生人走进了楼。主动句：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.被动句：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.She is made to clean the floor again. 她被迫再次擦了地板。注意：使役动词get在主动句中也接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。We have to get him to see a doctor. 我们必须劝他去找医生看看。3. let 与被动语态1）let后只有一个单音节动词，在被动语态中可用不带to 的不定式。主动句：They let the stranger go. 他们让陌生人走了。被动句：The stranger was let go. 陌生人被放走了。2） 若let 后宾语补足语较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit等代替。主动句：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.在医院里护士允许我去看了我的同学。被动句：I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.在医院里我被允许去看了我的同学。4. 被动结构与系表结构的区别“be过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较下列句子：The enemy was soon surrounded by us. （强调动作，被动结构）敌人不久就被我们包围了。The house is surrounded by trees. （表示房子的特点或状态，系表结构）那座房子周边都是树。She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. （被动结构）在黑暗中，她被那只狗咬了。I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted. （系表结构）听到我丈夫升职了，我很兴奋。注意下列表示状态的短语：be determined 决心 be pleased 感到高兴be graduated (from) 毕业于be finished 完成 be prepared (for) 准备好 be occupied (in) 忙于用法讲解被动语态要注意的几个句型1. Itbe过去分词that从句 主语be过去分词to do sth.表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于这两个句型中。It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.The boy is said to have passed the national exam.据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。常用句型：It is said/ reported /suggested that 据说/据报道/据建议.It is believed/ hoped/ thought that大家相信/希望/认为It is well known that众所周知2. be supposed to do 被推想/期望做某事，应该做某事Lets go and see that film. Its supposed to be very good. 我们去看这个电影吧，据说不错。Its nearly 8 oclock. Id better hurry. Im supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.我要快些了，现在差不多8点钟了。我8：15去接汤姆。You are not supposed to park here. 这儿不允许停车。3. get + done与be+ done在被动句中，get常可以代替be，get多用在口语中，有时表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt.酒馆里发生了打斗，幸好无人受伤。The dog got run over by a car. 狗被汽车辗死了。不定式的被动式：作用和形式1. 当不定式的逻辑主语是此不定式动作的承受者时，一般要用不定式的被动式。不定式的被动式可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。Its an honour to be invited to the ceremony. （作主语）受邀参加这个仪式很荣幸。She didnt like to be treated as a child. （作宾语）她不喜欢被当孩子对待。His dream was to be admitted to a good university. （作表语）他的梦想是被录取进入一所好大学。There are a lot of things to be discussed. （作定语）有许多事情要讨论。She was sent there to be trained for the space flight. （作状语）她被派到那里接受航空飞行的训练。2. 不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done 表示动词不定式的动作在谓语动词之后或同时发生。to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。She preferred to have been given more important work to do.她宁愿已经分给她更重要的工作了。3. 不定式逻辑主语的确定：用不定式的主动式还是被动式取决于不定式动作与其逻辑主语的关系，所以找出不定式的逻辑主语很重要。1. 一般是句子的主语。见例。2. 作宾语补足语的不定式的逻辑主语是句子的宾语；见例。3. 作定语的不定式的逻辑主语多是定语所修饰的词。见例。4. 有时需要添加of/ for引出不定式的逻辑主语。见例。例如：（斜体部分是逻辑主语，粗体部分是不定式）The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.这些书和杂志不许带出阅览室。The officer ordered the manto be taken to the next room.军官命令把这个人带到隔壁房间。Who was the first oneto arrive? 谁是第一个到的？It is an honor for meto be invited to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀请在这里讲话。不定式的主动表示被动1. 主语be +adj. +to do 时，能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important等。The problem is difficult to deal with. 这个问题很难解决。The box is light enough to carry. 这个盒子很轻，可以搬。2. 不定式的动作的执行者在句中出现时。不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系时，如果句中有此不定式动作的执行者，一般不用被动语态。The young mother has five children to take care of. 这位年轻的妈妈要照看五个孩子。（to take care of是the young mother做的）Give him some books to read. 给他些书看。（to read是him做的）3. 疑问词+不定式结构中。I had no idea who to turn to for help the time I was lost. 我迷路的时候不知道找谁帮忙。4. 某些动词，如blame, let (出租), rent，seek等的不定式与be连用时。The house is to let此房出租。I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident. 我感觉这次自行车事故该怪我。The reason is not far to seek. 理由不难找到。5. 当不定式隐含表示泛指的for me/ us/ you/ people to do结构时。The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house.（我们）要做重要的事是离开家时要锁门。6. 在“tooto do; enoughto”结构中。The problem is too difficult to work out这道题很难做出来。The house is big enough to live in. 这座房子够大，可以住。7. 在there be结构中。There is no time to lose（to be lost）没有时间可以失去了。（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）没有被动语态的词语一个句子怎样变被动语态呢？就是把主谓宾的句子的宾语变成主语，就用被动语态了。但是如果句子的谓语是不及物动词，后面没有宾语，当然也不能变成被动语态了。I. 不及物动词/词组take place，happen，come about (发生)；break out (爆发)，appear (出现)，disappear (消失)，break down (出故障), come out (出来，出版), run out (用光), give out (用光),last (持续)，arise (引起) 等。1. A fire broke out during the night. 晚上发生了大火。2. Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就用这个钱。3. The gas has run out. 煤气用光了。4. The book will come out in two weeks. 书两周后出版。II. 表示主语的某种属性常见如下词汇sell, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear等。这些词可以是及物动词，如sell，我们可以说“I sell the book.” “The book is sold.”，但有时句子不出现动作的发出者，也不强调是谁做的这件事，而仅仅是某种情况，如下面各句中动词后都接了一个描述动作的副词well，quickly等，都是对某事物的评判，这时也不用被动语态。1. The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。2. The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。3. This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。注：该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用。也可用于进行时态 。Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?III. 系动词如： look, sound, taste, smell, feel（表感官的系动词）；remain, keep, stay（表状态的系动词）；become, get, grow（表变化的系动词）；prove证明是，measure尺寸是, weigh重量是。1. In warm weather fruit and meat dont keep long.温暖的天气里，水果和肉都不能长期保存。2. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. 良药苦口。3. Much remains to be done. 还有许多（事情/工作）要做。注意：remain和主语much无被动关系；而to be done的逻辑主语是much，用被动形式。4. Your idea sounds a good one. 你的主意听起来不错。5. My advice proved (to be) wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。6. The room measures 6 by 8. 这个房间的尺寸是68。7. The fish weighs two kilos. 这条鱼重2千克。. 其它1. 某些表示状态的及物的动词或动词短语这些词语可以接宾语，但不用于被动语态：1）have, own, possess (拥有), hold (容纳), wish (希望), cost (花费), fit (适合)等2）consist of (由.组成), suffer from (患病，遭受), agree with (与.一致),succeed in (在.成功), happen to (发生在)，belong to (属于)等This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只适合这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你讲的与我们听到的一致。2. 带同源宾语、反身代词、相互代词的及物动词1）动词+同源宾语：die a . death, dream a . dream, live a .lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个噩梦。2）反身代词：myself, yourselves .He began to teach himself English at the age of twelve. 他12岁开始自学英语。3）相互代词：each other, one anotherThey hate each other. 他们互相厌恶。3. 宾语是不定式或动词-ing形式时，很少改成被动语态。R John enjoys listening to rock and roll. 约翰喜欢听摇滚乐。Q Listening to rock and roll is enjoyed by John.4. 宾语是主语身体的一部分时He shook his head when asked about his family. 当问到他的家庭时，他摇了摇头。对比：My head was shaken by the doctor. 我的头被医生摇了一下。5. 宾语是地点或场所时（jump/reach除外）She left Washington for Atlanta the other day.几天前她离开了华盛顿去了亚特兰大。被动形式表主动下面这些短语看似被动语态，实际表示一种状态，没有被动含义：be determined（决心）, be prepared（准备好）, be graduated（毕业于）, be occupied（忙于）,get married（结婚）, be seated（就座）, be lost（迷路）, be drunk（醉酒）, be dressed（穿着），be faced with（面