四级阅读考前补习(2).doc

在线学英语 体验请申请：/ielts/xd.html洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌If the salinity(含盐量)of ocean waters is analyzed,it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.Nevertheless,some of these small changes are important.There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporationconversion of liquid water to water vapour.In this manner,the salinity is increased,since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme,of course,white crystals of salt would be left behind; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained. The opposite of evaporation is precipitation(降水),such as rain,by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted(冲淡)so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions whererivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the substraction of the water by evaporation,or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff. Normally,in tropical regions where the sun is very strong,the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly,in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea,salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas. A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When seawater is frozen,the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner,seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.Of course,when this ice melts,it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water. In the Weddell Sea,of America,the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process,which increases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world. 1. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity except _. A.runoff B.evaporation C.melting D.precipitation 2. The salinity of the oceanic water is generally higher in _. A.tropical areas B.coastal regions C.turbulent areas D.rainy regions 3. The Weddell Sea is mentioned in the passage to _. A.give an example of coldwater salinity B.point out the location of deep waters C.compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters D.indicate that this body of water has salinity variations 4. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE,according to the passage? A.Various factors combine to cause variations in the salinity of water. B.As a result of the formation of ocean ice water salinity decreases. C.The salinity of the water near the bottom of the oceans is relatively high. D.In coastal areas the ocean&nb sp;is diluted by rivers. 5. The major points discussed in the passage is _. A.the subtraction of water B.the conversion of liquid water to water vapour C.the salinity of ocean water D.the effect of precipitation on the salinity of ocean water 2 T he cat has probably been associated with Man since it was first given a place by his fire in return for keeping the cave dwelling free of rats and mice.The relationship between the cat and Man has not been constant,however.Mans attitude has ranged through indifference and neglect to the extremes of persecution(残害) and worship. The Egyptians had great faith in the power of a living cat to protect them from both natural and supernatural evils.They made small ornaments and charms representing cats and the various cat deities(神性).These decorated their homes and were buried with them to ensure that the soul of the dead person was protected on its perilous journey through the hostile spirit world. Pious Egyptians always mummified their cats and had them buried with almost as much reverence(尊严) as if they were human beings.At the end of the last century,a cat cemetery was discovered near the site of the ancient city of Bubastis. Here literally hundreds of thousands of little cat mummies were found ranged neatly on shelves. Some were stolen,some destroyed,and antique dealers sold many to tourists.Thousands were left. The ancient Jews believed that when a religious person who had reached a high degree of sanctity died,his soul entered the body of a cat and remained there until the cat itself died a natural death.Only then could it enter Paradise. Exactly the same belief existed in Burma and Thailand until comparatively recently,and beautiful sacred cats were kept in great luxury in the temples.When a member of the royal house of Siam died,his favorite cat was buried alive with him but a small opening was always left for its escape.When the cat emerged,the priests knew that the princes soul had safely entered its feline(似猫的)host,and the cat was ceremonially sent to the Temple.At the crowning of the young King of Siam in 1926,a white cat was carried by a court official in the procession to the Throne Room.The old Kings soul was resting in this cat,and his faithful former courtiers knew that he would want to be present at the crowning of his successor. 6. Mans attitude towards cats has been _. A.constantly hostile throughout the ages B.friendly C.through many changes D.negligent from time immemorial 7. The word“perilous”in the last sentence of Paragraph 2 most probably means _. A.dangerous B. long C.boring D.pleasant 8. Ancient Egyptians buried catlike ornaments with them for the reason that _. A.they had blind worship of cats B.they had natural inclinat ion to persecute cats C.they hoped to be under the cats protection against all evils D.cats were their pets 9. The ancient Jews held the belief that _. A.good cats could enter paradise after they died a natural death B.a good mans soul was protected by a cat C.a holy persons soul entered a cats body after his death D.man had to believe religion 10.At the 1926 Coronation of Siam a white cat was _. A.escorted to the Temple B.believed to be the spiritual guardian of the old king C.presented to the new king D.buried alive with the old king 3 One famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on general reading before he went to sleep each night.Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m. or 2.30 a.m. made no difference.Even if you cannot keep to this kind of discipline,it is a good idea to make sure you always have a general interest book in your pocket.Dont forget it should be a book which entertains you and the English must not be too difficult for you. Nearly all “speed reading” course have a “pacing” element some timing device which lets the students know how many words a minute he is reading.You can do this simply by looking at your watch 5 or 10 minutes and noting down the page number you have reached.Check the average number of words per page for the particular book you are reading.Pace yourself every three or four days,always with the same kind of easy,general interest book.You should soon notice your habitual w.p.m.rate creeping up. Obviously there is little point in increasing your w.p.m.rate if you do not understand what you are reading.When you are conciously trying to increase your reading speed,stop after every chapter if you are reading a novel or every section or group of ten or twelve pages if it is a textbook and ask yourself a few questions about what you have been reading.If you find you have lost the thread of the story,or you cant remember clearly the details of what was said,reread the section or chapter. Try this from time to time.Take four or five pages of the general interest book you happen to be reading at the time.Read them as fast as you possibly can.Dont bother about whether you understand or not.Now go back and read them at what you feel to be your “normal”w.p.m.rate,the rate at which you can comfortably understand.After a “lightning speed”read through probably around 600w.p.m.,you will usually find that your “normal” speed has increaed perhaps by as much as 50100 w.p.m.This is the technique athletes use when they habitually run furt her in training than they will have to on the day of the big race. 11.The famous （2）;surgeon mentioned in the first paragraph exemplifies the people who _. A. make it a rule to read at 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m.every day B. are in the habit of doing regular reading every day no matter how busy they are C. always have an interesting book in their pockets D. habitually go to bed late 12.A pacing device of a reading course is aimed at enabling the students to _. A. assess their reading speed B. speed up their reading C. check their comprehension D. do the most efficient reading 13.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A. You can never ignore your comprehension when you try to increase your reading speed. B. The purpose of lightning speed exercise is to help you win the English contest. C. To pace yourself,you should use books with more or less the same degrees of difficulty. D. It is always a good idea to carry in your pocket an easy and interesting English book. 14.The author writes this passage mainly to _. A. emphasize the importance of reading B. classify different kinds of reading materials C. give suggestions for reading practice D. set a pace in reading 15.All of the following points are hints for reading practice given by the author except _. A. checking your progress through pacing B. setting aside time each day for general reading C. doing lightning speed exerciseD. recalling the thread of the story already read 4 The early scientific study of chemistry,known as alchemy,grew up in the first few centuries A.D. at Alexandria in Egypt.There two important things came together:one was the practical knowledge of the Egyptian workers in metals,pottery and dyes;the other was the learning of the earlier Greek philosophers,such as Hippocrates and Aristotle.At the same time alchemy was much influenced by ideas from the East about magic and astrology（占星术）foretelling the future from the stars. Greek philosophers regarded debate about the nature of matter as superior to experiment,and some held that all matter was made up of the same four “elements” earth,fire,air and water.Many people therefore thought that if these elements could be rearranged,one substance could be changed into another.For instance,a base metal could perhaps be turned into gold.The chief aim of the alchemists was to find a way of doing this. Alchemy came under Arab influence when the armies of Islam conquered Egypt during the seventh century.The Arabs carried its study into Western Europe when they advanec into Spain.The greatest Arab alchemist was Jabir ibn Hayyan,possibly the same person as Geber,author of two important books on alchemy known from the Latin translations of the thirteenth century.Jabir claimed that mercury （水银）and sulphur（硫磺）were “elements”like the four Greek ones.He said that all metals were composed of mercury and sulphur in different proportions.To change a base metal into gold required the proportions to be changed by the action of a mysterious substance which came to be called “the philosophers stone”.Alchemists searched in vain for this substance for several hundred years. Alchemy was studied widely in Europe during the twelfth and following centuries,and attracted the attention of many learned men.Though they were doomed to fail in their attempts to make gold,their work led to the growth of a great deal of new chemical knowledge and of methods of making experiments.By the first half of the sixteenth century,the aim of the alchemists had changed from the making of gold to the making of medicines.In particular they sought a fanciful substance called “the elixir （长生不老药）of life”,a powerful medicine which was to cure all ills,and which some people thought would turn out to be the same substance as “the philosophers stone”.This phase of chemistry lasted till about 1700. 16.The practical basis of several modern chemical industries was developed from _. A. Asian astrologers B. Greek philosophers C. Alexandrians D. the ancient Egyptians 17.It was the Arab conquerors who _. A. studied alchemy in the seventh century B. introduced alchemy to Western Europe C. spread alchemy to Egypt D. carried out alchemical experiments in Spain 18.The greatest Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan _. A. translated two important books on alchemy from Latin in the 13th century B. extended the Greek theories about the “elements” C. was of the opinion that all metals were made up of the same four “elements” D. gave the name “the philosophers stone ” to a mysterious substance 19.From the twelfth to the eighteenth century _. A. alchemy was widely used in peoples daily life B. alchemy was stagnant C. alchemists were somewhat misled D. many learned men found a clue to the mystery of alchemy 20.It can be inferred from the passage that _. A. after 1700 chemistry changed its aim and methods B. ancient Greek philosophers considered alchemical experiments to be of great importance C. “the philosophers stone” is a mysterious substance which can changea base metal into gold D. Alexandria was the birthplace of magic and early science of chemistry Astrology 答案部分 1 短文大意 本文讨论的是海水的含盐量。本文主要讲述了引起海水含盐量变化的三个基本过程，一是用蒸发的方法去除水分，二是与蒸发法相反的方法降水，三是海冰的形成和融化。 1. 答案B。 【参考译文】 除了蒸发，下面所有的过程都使含盐量减少。 【试题分析】 本题要求了解阐述文章主旨的事实和细节。 【详细解答】 什么因素不使含盐量下降呢?这要求我们留意文中对含盐量高低变化起作用的因素的细节描述。文中第二段末句总结了影响含盐量的因素:蒸发(evaporation)使含盐量增加,降水(precipitation)和河水流入(runoff)使含盐量降低,后文中提到融冰(melting)也使含盐量降低。因此，这一题很明显应选B项。 2. 答案A。 【参考译文】 热带地区的海水含盐是一般要高些。 【试题分析】 本题要求我们了解相关的细节。 【详细解答】 文中第三段具体描述了含盐量高低不同的几个地区,其中热带地区含盐量高而沿海岸地区含盐量低。因此这一题显然应选A“热带地区”。 3. 答案A。 【参考译文】 本文中提到Weddell海是为了举例说明冷水含盐量。 【试题分析】 本题要求我们了解相关的细节。 【详细解答】 文中提到Weddell海是在叙述了第三种改变含盐量的过程之后,这一种改变主要与冰的形成与融化有关。海水结成冰后含盐量升高,冰融化后含盐量又变低。随后,文中以Weddell海为例,说明海水结冰后,冰冷的海水含盐量增高。所以,这一题显然应该选A项。 4. 答案B。 【参考译文】 根据本文，下面哪一句不真实? 【试题分析】 本题考查对文章的主旨以及相关细节。 【详细解答】 选不正确的一项也要求我们对全文有充分的理解,并能记住有关细节,这样才能判断对错。A项:“不同的因素结合在一起改变了水的含盐量。”文中的确提到了各种不同的因素,如蒸发等去除水分的方法和如降水等增加水分的方法一起使世界各地水的含盐量有所不同。所以A项正确。B项“海水结冰的结果是使水的含盐量下降了。”而文中却提到海水结冰后,冰下的水含盐量增高。因此B项是不正确的,应选B项。C项:“靠近海洋底部的水的含盐量相对高一些。”文中第五段提到海水结冰后,冰下的水浓度高,所以下沉到海洋更深的部分。因此可以推出海洋靠近底部的海水的含盐量相对高一些。C项是正确的。不选C。D项:“在沿海岸的地区,海洋被河水冲淡了。”这在文中第二段中有明确的表述。文中写到“增长的水会冲淡海洋。这可能发生在雨林地区或海洋地区,在沿海地区河水冲进海洋。”也就是说在沿海岸地区,海洋被河水冲淡了。所以D是正确的,不应选D。 5. 答案C。 【参考译文】 本文讲述的要点是海水的含盐量。 【试题分析】 本题主要考查考生对全文的理解和中心的概括。 【详细解答】 此文主要围绕海水的含盐量进行叙述,列举了三种不同情况下含盐量的增减。因此最合适的答案为C。而A“水分的去除或减少”,B“水由液态转为固态”,和D“降水对海水含盐量的影响，”都只是文中叙述的一个方面,而不是主要观点。 2 短文大意 本文讨论的是猫与人的关系。人与猫的关系很可能自从人类住在洞穴的时候防老鼠的时期开始。古埃及人对活猫的力量深信不疑，认为猫可以使他们免遭自然与超自然的邪恶的侵害，所以他们总是像尊重人一样把猫制成木乃伊把它们埋葬，古代犹太人和缅甸人和泰国人也同样尊敬猫，他们认为一个高度圣洁的信教的人死后，他的灵魂进入猫的体内，直到猫自己自然死亡，只有这时它才进入天堂。 6. 答案C。 【参考译文】 人类对猫的态度经历了很多变化。 【试题分析】 本题要求对相关段落进行综合归纳。 【详细解答】 这一题要求我们理解range一词的含义。第一段的最后一句话明确写出人对猫的态度的变化包括了从不关心,忽略到残害和崇拜两个极端等等。也就是说人对猫的态度有多种变化。所以答案是C项。 7. 答案A。 【参考译文】 第二段最后一句的“perilous”这个词的意思最有可能是“dangerous”。 【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。 【详细解答】 这一题可从上下文中推断出词义。第二段的最后一句基本上是说猫形装饰物同死人一起埋葬能保证死人的灵魂在通过有敌意的精灵世界的路程中得以保护。那么这一旅程是怎样的呢?不仅要通过有敌意的精灵世界而且还需要保护。可想而知,一定不会是愉快的。透过隐含的意思,我们可以猜到是危险的。所以应选A项。 8. 答案C。 【参考译文】 古埃及人把像猫的饰物随葬因为他们希望在猫的保护下免遭一切邪恶的侵害。 【试题分析】 本题要求掌握相关的细节。 【详细解答】 在对第二段整体理解后,可很明确地了解到古埃及人对猫的崇拜以及为何要将猫形饰物共葬的原因。正如第二段第一句话所说埃及人深信猫有保护他们免遭自然与超自然的邪恶的侵害的力量。所以不难看出答案为C项。 9. 答案C。 【参考译文】 古代犹太人相信一个圣洁的教徒死后，他的灵魂会进入猫的体内。 【试题分析】 本题要求对相关细节进行一定的推理。 【详细解答】 提到古犹太人我们很自然会回到第四段找相关细节。文中提到的古犹太人相信当一个虔诚的教徒死后,他的灵魂会进入猫的体内,并直至这只猫自然死亡后,灵魂才会进入天堂。由此我们