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大学 英语 读写 综合 教程 课件 Uni7

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B R _ History of English,History of English,,,,The root of English,The development of Modern English,20th Century English,B R _ The root of English 1,,,,The root of English,English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.,From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th. century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales,B R _ The root of English 2,Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeare’s plays were seen by many people.,The development of Modern English,BR_ The development of Modern English 1,The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnson’s dictionary was published, Noah Webster’s The Elementary Spelling Book,BR_ The development of Modern English 2,was published in the US. At first it used Johnson’s spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.,BR_ The development of Modern English 3,During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.,20th Century English,BR_ 20th Century English,,,G R _ main,Part Division of the Text,Further Understanding,,,,G R _ Further Understanding,Pair Discussion,English – the Sea of Language,Questions and Answers,Further Understanding,G R _ Part Division of the Text 1,,Part Division of the Text,,,Parts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,,1,1~3,2,4~16,Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language.,,Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.,,G R _ Part Division of the Text 2,,,Parts,Main Ideas,,,3,17~19,Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others — these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.,Para(s).,Pair Discussion,Directions: Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner.,What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words?,English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has only about 75,000 words.,English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasn’t. And the French government even tries to ban words from English.,GR_ Pair Discussion1,2. What can we infer from the invention of a French word “balladeer”?,In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative.,,GR_ Pair Discussion 2,We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.,3. How did the word “Walkman” come into being?,The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product.,,,English – the Sea of Language,,,,,,,,,,,eye,angel,sky,royal,kingly,capsule,water,thermometer,habitual,mahjong,Old English,Vikings,French,Chinese,Latin,Christianity,Greek,GR_ English – the Sea of Language,,Questions and Answers,1. Who is Otto Jespersen?,He is a Danish scholar.,2. According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become what it is?,It’s the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual.,3. What is English language in the author’s opinion?,English is the tongue of common man.,GR_ Questions and Answers,The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead — but they don’t.,D R _ Text 1,,THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH,Walkman is fascinating because it isn’t even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesn’t bother us, but,it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.,DR_ Text 2,How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet — more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language.,Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.,Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions.,Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last — surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, “We shall never give in,” but it is one of the lovely — and powerful — opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.,For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitler’s armies positioned to cross the English Channel: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.”,Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.,When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery,,but there is a theory.,Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar’s armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc. — that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.,The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.,The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.,Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.,Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.,With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language — Middle English — with about 10,000 “borrowed” French words.,,Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations,Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.,,As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources — American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.,That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, “The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.” I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.,Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, language police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.,D R _ Sentence THE GLORIOUS 1,英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。,THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH,Translate the title into Chinese.,D R _ Sentence THE GLORIOUS 2,The rhetorical device used here is called oxymoron (矛盾修饰法). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here “Glorious” is a commendatory (褒义的) term, while “Messiness” is derogatory (贬义的). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom, and the respect for others’ rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the author’s ingenuity.,What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title?,D R _ Sentence 2 … which,Paraphrase the sentence.,French children are expected to say the word “balladeer” instead of “Walkman” but they don’t say it.,… which French kids are supposed to say instead – but they don’t.,D R _ Sentence 3 Such is,What can we know about the author’s attitude towards English from this sentence?,He thinks much of it.,Such is the glorious messiness of English.,D R _ Sentence 4 The history,Paraphrase this part.,The history of English is revealed in the first words a child learns about …,The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about …,Translate this part into Chinese.,英语的历史体现在孩子最先学会用来表示…的词汇当中。,D R _ Sentence 5 … “We,What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And what’s the function of it?,The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism (排比法). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers.,… “We shall fight … surrender.”,D R _ Sentence 6 … French,What kind of rhetorical device is used here?,The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy (转喻). Here the word “churches” stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. Another example, in the sentence “The kettle boils.”, the word “kettle” stands to “the water in the kettle”.,… French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.,D R _ Sentence 7 Translations of Greek,What is the Chinese version of this part?,希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册。,Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page,,What kind of rhetorical device is used here?,The author used personification (拟人法) in this part.,D R _ Sentence 8 Today we still,Where are the two words “television” and “cyberspace” from?,The word “television” is formed by “tele” (Greek, meaning “far off”) and “vision” (Latin, meaning “to see”. The word “cyberspace” is formed by “cyber” (Greek, meaning “to steer”) and “space” (Old French, Latin) .,Today we still borrow from Latin … cyberspace.,D R _ Sentence 9 Fortunately their,What can we infer from this sentence about the author’s attitude towards English?,The author prefers what English is today to what some British scholars wanted to do.,Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.,D R _ Sentence 10 I like that idea.,What does “that idea” refer to?,It refers to the fact that the English language today results from the great respecters of the liberties of each individual and his freedom to strike out new path for himself.,I like that idea.,The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, … grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is compared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special preserve of grammarians (Para. 19).,What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences?,Consider that … around their language.,D R _ Sentence 11 Consider that … around,D R _ word _ corrupt,corrupt: vt.,The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language.,Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?,cause errors to appear in,cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains,To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power.,To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government.,D R _ word _ ban 1,ban: vt. 1. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.,The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year.,Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again.,Lady Chatterley’s Lover was banned when it was first published.,D R _ word _ ban 2,CF:,The treaty bans all nuclear tests.,该条约禁止一切核试验。,forbid 是普通用词，可用于较细小的事物。例如：,He forbade his children sweets because he didn’t want their teeth to be ruined.,他不许孩子们吃糖果，因为他不希望他们的牙齿蛀坏。,ban, forbid & prohibit 这三个是及物动词，均含“禁止”之意。,ban 语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”。一般含有“严厉 谴责”的意思，只能用于严重危害公众利益的事物。例如：,prohibit 指“（通过法律、法令或严正警告）禁止某 些事物”，应用范围较ban广。例如：,In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.,在一些国家禁止出售含酒精的饮料。,2. ban: n. (followed by on),The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising.,The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world.,D R _ word _ ban 3,Standing still in the teacher’s office, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class.,D R _ word _ invent 1,invent: vt.,James Watt invented the steam engine.,Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine,make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.),2. give (a name, reason, etc. that doesn’t exist or is not true),All the characters in the novel are invented.,CF:,Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.,亚历山大•格雷厄姆•贝尔发明了电话。,invent & discover 这两个词都是及物动词，在意义上比较容易混淆。,D R _ word _ invent 2,invent“发明”，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西；如：工 具、手段或方法,是实践问题，不仅仅是认识问题。 例如：,discover“发现”，发现的对象是本来就存在，但主语不知 道的东西，如新的科学真理，新领域等。有时也 可泛指“发现”、“认识到”某 种情况。例如：,The planet Pluto was discovered in 1930.,冥王星是在1930年被发现的。,D R _ word _ invent 3,D R _ word _ fascinating,fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction,The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to.,It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.,我觉得有关克隆的讨论很有吸引力。,I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating.,strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact sense,He’s not strictly speaking an artist; he is more of a performer.,Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty.,D R _ word _ strictly speaking,The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he would cry.,tolerance: n.,the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you don’t agree or approve of it (followed by for),School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children.,He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him.,Human beings have li

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