英语语序.doc

句子成分：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）和同位语。 其中主语，谓语，宾语是句子的主要成分，其余的均为次要成分。主语 是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式或动名词或从句作主语名词-名词或名词短语或名词化形容词或名词化分词作主语 Beijing will be rainy. 北京将多雨Weather in our coastal city is nice and cool in summer 夏季我们沿海城市的天气舒适，凉爽Old and young marched side by side 老少并肩而行The wounded should be sent to hospital at once受伤人员应立即送往医院代词He told a joke but it fell flat. 他说了个笑话，但没引人发笑。Who is the man in the car? 汽车里的人是谁？数词Three is enough for each of us.三个对于我们每个人来说就足够了 One of my classmates is from Australia.我的一个同学是澳大利亚人不定式动词不定式或不定式短语（动词不定式后面可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语） To become a player like Yao Ming is my wish.成为像姚明一样的运动员是我的心愿。-若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语（不定式短语）放在句后 It is my wish to become a player like Yao Ming.It would be nice to see him again.如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。动名词（动词的ING形式）作主语Smoking is bad for you.从句作主语-作主语的从句称为主语从句，可由that whether wh-词等引导。Whenever you are ready will be fine.你无论什么时候准备好都行。That she forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.她忘了告诉我开会的时间，这给我带来了很多麻烦。谓语-说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为 实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。 实义动词单独作谓语， 连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略TO的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语成分。 （主语与谓语在人称与数方面要相互照应）表语- 常用的连系动词有：be, look, get, sound, feel, become, smell, turn, taste等名词作表语She is an ordinary teacher. 她是一个普通的老师He turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.正如父母所愿，毕业后他成了医生。代词作表语You are many, but they are few.你们人多，但他们人少。Whose is that book? It has been lying there for a whole day.那本书是谁的？已经在那里放了一天了。数词作表语 Five and five is ten.He was the first to leave but the last to arrive.他是第一个走的，却是最后一个到的。形容词作表语The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来很好吃。名词的-ing形式和-ed形式作表语My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。I am quite surprised to see you here.在这里见到你我感到非常惊讶。介词短语作表语We were at table when you called. 你来电话时我们正在吃饭。动词不定式或短语作表语To see is to believe.眼见为实副词及其短语作表语Is anybody in? 有人在吗？补语：宾语补足语-位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：告诉 tell 让let 帮助help 教teach 问ask 看见see 有have 命令order 使make，等Dont keep the lights burning. 不要让灯开着。The doctor told me to do more exercise.医生告诉我多做练习。We will make them happy.我们会让他们高兴的。主语补足语即被动语态中的宾语补足语举个例子They caught boy stealing.boy是caught的宾语，stealing是boy的状态,宾语补足语把它变成被动语态The boy was caught stealing，此时stealing就成了主语补足语再来看几句主语补足语的句子The dog is called KarlThe door was painted white.The glass was found broken. 这些都是。同位语-Mr Wang, our new teacher, is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Jim, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的一个朋友吉姆。如同位语与其同位成分关系密切时不用逗点隔开；如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。He told me that his uncle John is a world-famous doctor.他对我讲，他的叔叔约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。He has read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他看了各种各样的书，古今中外都有。同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 全部意义Amy is interested in sports, especially ball games.艾米喜欢运动，特别是球类运动。部分意义独立成分-与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。可用作独立成分的通常有3种词语，即感叹语，呼语和插入语。What is it, do you think? 你认为这是什么呢？ 插入语Come in and take a seat, Mr Li.李先生，请进来坐。 呼语Hello! How are you?嘿，你好？ 感叹语简单句的五种基本句型主谓 主谓宾 主谓表 主谓双宾 主谓宾宾补1.主谓Robert sings in the next room.罗伯特在隔壁唱歌 Yuan Longping works very hard.袁隆平工作很努力 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。2.主谓宾We like English. Wang Gang always helps me when I have difficulties.当我遇到困难时，王刚总能给我帮助。这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词，所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语。3.主谓表谓语用连系动词。常用的连系动词有：be是, look看起来, get, sound听起来, feel, become, smell闻起来, turn, taste尝起来，keep保持, seem好像, 等He seemed an honest man.他似乎是个诚实的人。刚才刘翔看上去有些焦急。Liu Xiang looked worried just now.4.主谓双宾-双宾是指间接宾语和直接宾语。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当，间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导双宾语的常见动词有： buy买, teach教, lend借给, give给, tell告诉, pass传递, show出示, bring带来, send发送.Her father bought her a book=Her father bought a book for her.他爸爸给她买了一本书。The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。（=The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.）5.主谓宾宾补主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语We have made our school a beautiful garden.我们已使我们学校成了一个美丽的花园。We have invited all our friends to come. 我们已邀请了所有的朋友。My father likes to watch Yao Ming playing basketball.我爸爸喜欢看姚明打篮球。句子结构按照句子的结构划分，英语有简单句，并列句和复合句。简单句五种基本句型都是简单句并列句并列句是由并列连词and,but,or,for,so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为简单句+并列连词+简单句表示同等关系的并列句 and;Last year I met Ann and we became friends.表示转折关系的并列句常用并列连词but但是,yet可是,while而，另一方面,however可是It has no month, but it can talk.它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a doctor.他想当作家，而我则想当医生。表示选择关系的并列句“或者”Now you can have a rest or you can watch TV.“否则，要不然” Take the chance, or else youll regret it.抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。表示因果关系的并列句for soFor在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两个简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。Youd better take un umbrella, for it is going to rain.So意为“因此”“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而so是并列连词，用来连接并列句。Mr Zhao went to his hometown, so Mr Wang was taking his class instead.赵老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替他上课。其他形式的并列句“不是。就是。, 或者。或者。”eitheror Either my father can do it, or my mother can do it. (=Either my father or my mother can do it.)我爸爸可以做那件事，或者我妈妈也可以做。not onlybut also(Not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.)不仅学生，而且他们的老师都误了校车。复合句复合句是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。主句是全句的主体从句须由一个关联词（Connective）引导。从句主要分为三类：名词性从句，形容词从句和副词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语，表语，宾语和同位语从句。 形容词性从句即定语从句 副词性从句即状语从句We think that this answer is correct.我们认为这个答案是正确的。（宾语从句）Who will be our monitor hasnt decided yet.谁会成为我们的班长还没决定。（主语从句）The player who played basketball best is Yao Ming.打篮球最好的队员是姚明。（定语从句）Where I live there are plenty of trees.我生活的地方有很多树。（状语从句）The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是我们何时可以得到加薪。（表语从句）主语从句-引导主语从句的连词有三类：从属连词（that, whether），关系代词（who,whom,what,which,whose）和关系副词（when,where,why）1.由连词that 引导的主语从句That Tom will win the medal seems unlikely.汤姆想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。形式主语it代替that主语从句It is a pity that your mother didnt attend the party yesterday.昨天你妈妈没参加聚会很遗憾。2.由关系代词引导的主语从句。What your parents need is more practice. 你父母所需要的是更多的训练。Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。3.用关系副词引导的主语从句。When he will come here isnt known. 人们还不知道他什么时候会来。表语从句1. 由that引导的表语从句The trouble is that we have lost his address. 麻烦的是我们把他的地址丢了。2. 关系代词(who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等) 和关系副词（where when how why等)引导的表语从句Thats not what Im looking for.那不是我在找的东西。宾语从句宾语从句分三类：动词宾语从句，介词宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词主要有以下三类：1.从属连词 that, if, whether. ( that引导表示陈述的宾语从句，whether 和if引导表示“否定”的宾语从句。)We knew (that) we should learn from each other.Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.2关系代词who,whom,whose,which,what, whatever, whichever等Do you know who has won the game? 你知道游戏谁赢了？The teacher asked the new student which class he was in.老师问新来的学生在哪一个班里。3. 关系副词when where how why等Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?你能告诉我怎样去最近的邮局？动词的宾语从句1. 可带宾语的常见动词有：hope希望,tell告诉,say说,consider认为,think想,imagine想象,except期望,suppose猜测,know知道,hear听说,wonder想知道2. 有些“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。We found out that all the tickets for the film have been sold out.我们发现这部电影的所有门票全部卖光了。3. 动词短语有的也可以带宾语从句。常见的这类动词短语有：make sure确保，make up ones mind下决心，keep in mind牢记We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop our bodies.我们应该牢记运动能增强我们的体质。4. 常用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句。动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the party.没去参加晚会，我感到很遗憾。介词的宾语从句1. wh-引导的宾语从句 一般情况下介词后跟wh-引导的宾语从句。We are talking about whether it will snow tomorrow.我们在讨论明天是否下雪。2. that引导的介词宾语从句偶尔见到except,but,besides三个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句的情况。I know nothing about my neighbor except that he is a teacher.关于我的新邻居我只知道他是位老师，其他我一无所知。形容词的宾语从句常引导宾语从句的形容词有sure,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,sorry等Im sure that he can come on time.我确信他能按时来。当主句中的谓语动词是think,say,guess,suppose,suggest,believe,feel等时，宾语从句的引导词常是who,