四川理工学院毕业论文-Word2010.docx

四川理工学院毕业设计（论文）XXXXXXXX系统的研究学生：李巧林学号业:工程造价班级：二班指导教师：X X X四川理工学院建筑工程学院二O一 五 年六月四川理工学院毕业设计（论文）XXXXXXXX系统的研究摘要工程项目造价的确定与控制是工程建设项目管理的重要组成部分，它能够在工程建设项目的全过程（投资决策、设计、招投标、施工阶段）中采取有效措施，把工程项目建设发生的全部费用控制在批准的限额内，并随时纠正发生的偏差，以保证投资估算、设计概预算和竣工结算等管理目标的实现，达到合理使用人力、物力、财力，获得最大投资效益的目的。 首先进行施工方施工图的整体工程量的确定，在采用实物量报价与单位估价法结合并用的方法来确定工程造价，其中工程的部分主体部分采用实物量法，一些零星的工程造价采用单位估价法算出，在确定工程的总造价，最后对造价指数进行汇总分析。 通过本次论文可以知道工程造价除了与工程内容有关外，还与建设地区的经济发展程度、建设者的管理和技术水平、国家和当地政府的政策、法令等外部条件有着千丝万缕的联系。工程造价控制是建设管理的核心部分，它始终贯穿于工程建设的全过程。 关键词：工程造价 工程造价控制 造价管理 施工图预算目录摘 要 . 1。（一）课题背景 . 1。（二）工程造价综述及国内外研究现状 . 1。1. 研究现状 . 1。2. 研究的主要内容 .2 3. 研究的目的及意义 . 2（三）我国工程造价未来的发展 . 3二、工程造价基本理论与确定方法 . 3（一）工程造价的基础理论 . 31. 工程造价的定义 . 32. 工程造价的起源与发展 . 33. 我国工程造价的费用组成 . 3（二）工程造价的确定 . 41. 传统的预算定额计价 . 42. 清单计价 . 43. 传统定额计价与清单计价的比较 . 4三、项目投资决策阶段的工程造价控制与管理 . 4（一）建设项目决策与工程造价的关系 . 4（二）决策阶段影响工程造价的主要因素 . 5（三）决策阶段造价控制方法 . 5四、工程设计阶段的工程造价控制与管理 . 5 （一）加强设计阶段的经济论证 . 5 （二）实行限额设计及相应的奖罚制度 . 5（三）实行工程造价和设计方案相结合的设计的招法 .5（四）大力推广实行设计阶段监理 . 6五、工程招投标阶段的工程造价控制与管理 . 6（一）招标文件的编制 . 61. 明确报价口径 . 62. 确定合理的标底和最高价 .63. 编制准确的工程量清单 . 64. 完善的合同条款 . 7（二）加强评标过程管理工作 . 7（三）标后管理抓落实 . 71. 设计变更与签证管理 . 72. 索赔管理 . 7六、工程施工阶段的工程造价控制与管理 . 7（一）建设项目施工阶段所存在的一些问题 . 7（二）建设项目施工阶段造价控制采取的措施 . 8第1章 综 述第 I 条 工程造价控制与管理 一、 绪论（一）课题背景 随着市场经济的不断发展，工程造价在一个工程项目中担当的角色越来越 要，有时候工程的盈利与否、利润的多少都与工程造价密切相关，工程造价的管理贯穿于工程的施工全过程。工程造价的合理确定和有效控制是工程建设管理的重要组成部分。从建设项目的前期方案确定、设计阶段的方案优选等方面都体现了合理确定工程造价重要性，建设工程造价的合理确定和有效控制是工程建设管理的重要组成部分，控制工程造价的目的不仅仅在于降低造价，使其实际更趋于合理性且不超过批准的概算，而更积极的意义在于合理使用人才、物力、财力，以取得最大的投资效益。如何合理确定和有效的控制建设工程造价，就要对工程建设全过程进行造价控制。 （二）工程造价综述及国内外研究现状 1.研究现状 在国际社会上，发达国家都十分重视全过程工程造价管理，都把工程造价作为一门专业来加以建设。它是建筑经济、技术与管理高度结合的专业。在美国，政府项目投资控制主要依据批准的预算。其投资和预算确定主要依靠以完的工程造价的资料进行估算。在项目实施中进行招投标，由承包商报价，有关造价的工作一致委托给造价工程师进行。在比较完善的建筑市场和中介组织服务条件下，工程价格由市场定价，而造价师对项目进行全过程的造价控制。 相比之下，在我国就存在以下的问题： 不够重视投资决策阶段工程造价的确控 投资决策是产生工程造价源头，这一阶段耗资约占总投资额的0.5%3%，但 能有效提高项目的投资效益。对建设项目进行合理的选择是对经济资源进行优化配置的最直接、最重要的手段、项目投资效益影响到整个国民经济的效益和效率。发达国家对投资决策阶段工程造价的确十分重视，不惜花大本钱、大力气进行投资决策阶段 工程造价研究，做出相对比较准确的工程造价，进行控制。长期以来，我国的工程建设存在投资膨胀严重的现象，造成工期越拖越长，造价越来越高，因为缺乏建设前期确定造价的有效依据，只能依据专家、决策者们借鉴已完成的项目工程造价进行估算，但又因为诸多因素影响，“三超”现象相当普遍。 设计阶段的工程造价控制不严 设计阶段是建设项目工程造价控制的龙头。在投资计划得以合理确定以后，进入设计阶段，它是把技术与经济有机的结合在一起的过程。有效控的控制工程造价要求在施工图设计中严密、全面。当前我国的工程设计也实行招投标制、公平竞争，把对设计阶段有效控制工程造价作为选择中标单位的主要标准之一，对全过程造价进行的控制管理。但目前我国大部分设计单位对工程项目的技术与经济进行深入分析不够、在设计中大多重技术轻经济，设计人员似乎只对设计工程的质量负责，对 工程造价的高低不太关心。以致无法通过优化设计方案、编制初步设计、概算起到控制总造价的作用。工程设计图的质量和深度等也不够，工程量清单中的工程量错算、漏算、也引起暂估项目的增多，使招投标工作的质量难以保障，因而无法有效地控制工程造价。 还未全面采用国际上通用的工程量清单报价方式 在招投标中采用国际上普遍使用的工程量清单报价方式，是我国工程造价制度改革和招投标制度改革的必然趋势。在建设领域推广工程招标制度是建立社会主义市场经济和完善建筑市场运行机制的重要举措之一。建设工程招投标在我国全面推行后，在缩短建设工期、确保工程质量、降低工程造价、抵制不正之风方面作用明显，也有效地保障了招标人和投标人的合法权益。随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展，原来的招投标阶段实行预算定额计价模式以不适应，采用国际上普遍使用的工程量清单报价方式进行招投标是必然趋势。建设部颁发了工程量清单计价方法，工程量清单计价是建设工程招投标工作中，由招标人按照国家统一的工程量计算规则提供工程数量，由招标人自主报价，并经评审低价中标的工程造价计价模式。推行工程量清单计价方法是工程造价深化改革的一项重要措施，是规范招投标行为的有效措施。 施工阶段对工程造价控制不够 在施工阶段还要严格控制设计变更。虽然出于建筑工程的复杂性难免出现施工图在会审中或在施工过程中会有一些问题，但要求设计部门严格把关，避免先干的状况，也是避免工程造价突破概算，有效控制工程造价的环节。同时加强合同管理，保障发包方与承包方平等互利。 工程竣工结算阶段工程造价控制不力 工程竣工结算是整个工程造价控制最重要的环节，竣工结算如何能真实的反 应整个工程的实际造价，也是反应发包方与承包方对工程造价管理的能力，及时办好工程竣工结算必须收集、整理竣工结算资料，包括工程竣工图、设计变更通知、各种签证材料等。这些资料的收集和取证还必须注意其有效性，如设计变更通知书必须由原设计单位下达的有设计人员的签名和相关印鉴。现场监理的签证必须有甲方工地负责任的签章并取得设计人员的认可。我国大多数竣工结算时，施工承包方在竣工结算时，施工承包方在竣工结算书中普遍多算，发包方乱砍一通，扯皮现象严重，工程结算一拖再拖。 2.研究的主要内容 一个建设项目从酝酿、规划、设计到建成投产包括以下程序：即项目建议书阶段、可行性评估阶段、设计阶段、施工阶段、竣工验收阶段以及后评估。工程造价的确定与工程建设阶段性工作相适应，一般分为以下几个阶段：在项目建议书和可行性研究阶段编制投资估算，在初步设计阶段编制设计概算，在施工图设计阶段编制施工图预算，对以施工图预算为基础的招投标工程，承包合同价也是以经济合同形式确定的建安工程造价，在工程实施阶段要按承包实际完成的工程量，以合同价为基础，同时考虑物价上涨所引起的造价提高，考虑到设计中难以预计而在实施阶段实际发生的工程和费用，确定估算价，在竣工验收阶段，全面汇集在工程建设过程中实际花费的全部费用，编制竣工结算，如实体现该工程的实际造价。“四算两价”相互关联，前者制约后者，后者补充前者。 层数逐渐增加。 类型 办公楼按规模有小型、中型、大型和特大型之分；按层数有低层、多层、高层和超高层之分；按总体布局有集中式和分散式之分。此外，按平面形式、结构造型和所用材料，又可分为若干类型。如按平面交通组织形式来分，有内走廊式、外走廊式、双走廊式和无走廊式（大空间灵活隔断）等。 布局和结构形式 中小型办公楼一般为低层或多层砖混结构建筑，平面布局常采用中间走道、两边办公室的内走廊式或一边走道、一边办公室的外走廊式布局。这类办公楼的平面设计主要是合理选择开间尺寸和布置门厅、楼梯。大型办公楼的结构形式多采用钢筋混凝土框架或钢结构、剪力墙、筒体结构等，以利抗风、防震。平面布局有由几幢多层建筑组合成一组办公楼群的分散布局和由高层建筑或高层建筑与局部低层建筑相结合的集中布局。 组成 办公楼的组成因规模和具体使用要求而异，中国的办公楼一般包括三部分：办公室、会议室。卫生间、机电设备间、食堂、礼堂、库房等辅助用房。门厅、走道、电梯和楼梯间等。由于办公楼的规模日趋扩大，内容也越加复杂，有的国家正在根据社会统计学、生理学、行为心理学等学科的成果，研究办公人员与建筑环境的关系，不断探求新的组成方案层数逐渐增加。 类型 办公楼按规模有小型、中型、大型和特大型之分；按层数有低层、多层、高层和超高层之分；按总体布局有集中式和分散式之分。此外，按平面形式、结构造型和所用材料，又可分为若干类型。如按平面交通组织形式来分，有内走廊式、外走廊式、双走廊式和无走廊式（大空间灵活隔断）等。 布局和结构形式 中小型办公楼一般为低层或多层砖混结构建筑，平面布局常采用中间走道、两边办公室的内走廊式或一边走道、一边办公室的外走廊式布局。这类办公楼的平面设计主要是合理选择开间尺寸和布置门厅、楼梯。大型办公楼的结构形式多采用钢筋混凝土框架或钢结构、剪力墙、筒体结构等，以利抗风、防震。平面布局有由几幢多层建筑组合成一组办公楼群的分散布局和由高层建筑或高层建筑与局部低层建筑相结合的集中布局。 组成 办公楼的组成因规模和具体使用要求而异，中国的办公楼一般包括三部分：办公室、会议室。卫生间、机电设备间、食堂、礼堂、库房等辅助用房。门厅、走道、电梯和楼梯间等。由于办公楼的规模日趋扩大，内容也越加复杂，有的国家正在根据社会统计学、生理学、行为心理学等学科的成果，研究办公人员与建筑环境的关系，不断探求新的组成方案。 参考文献1 陈家琪运动图像处理在车型识别中的应用J汽车工程，2005,20(6): 33362 陈家琪C程序设计教程M北京：新华出版社，2004.11.3 Shihang S. Fuzzy self-organizing controller and its application for dynamic processesJ.Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2004,26:151164.4 Kaare Christian. Borland C+ Techniques & UtilitisM. Ziff-DavisPress，2003.5郭路XML 数据传输的安全加密EB/OL/developerWorks/cn/xml/xmlb2b/index5.shtml, 2001-06/2001-10-04.On the stage of the project cost management Abstractinventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms. In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price. Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluation process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs. After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures. Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention. Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieve better economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way. Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, including works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; the current market supply of materials do not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the grade control, visa quota system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents, it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes. Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute. In the course of construction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key. Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions. Control material consumption, rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main, the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion, usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%, representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices, so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels, variety and price range materials, construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates, with the progress of the scene, the market, hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis. Technology and economic integration, strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment, from organizational, technical, economic, contracts, and other measures. Therefore, the construction units must strengthen management, engineering and technical personnel of the economy concept, the quality of education, Training pragmatic working style, the construction side to help improve construction design, reasonable security, financial, and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions, overcome the waste caused by command, to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation, is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender, contract negotiations, costing the budget, signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts, a cost analysis, the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project. Do a good job clearing price completion of the assessment project is the completion of settlement construction enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the contract internal completed by the contractor, experience resumption quality standards and comply with contract requirements, to the building of units of the final settlement price of the project. After the completion of the audit settlement is approved construction project cost basis. Clearing the completion phase project cost control. For a long time, the completion of construction drawings-clearing budget is the cost management problems to be solved. Therefore, the completion of the audit settlement is a very important task, should focus on accomplishing the following aspects: To audit the accuracy of output. The project is the completion of audit settlement audit, th