基于PLC的锅炉控制系统研究【含17张CAD图带开题报告-独家】.zip
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目目 录录1 1 英文文献翻译英文文献翻译.11.1 英文文献原文（RESEARCH ON THE GROWTH PATH OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS IN LATECOMER COUNTRIES）.11.2 中文翻译 .112 2 专业阅读书目专业阅读书目 .172.1 电气制图与电子线路 CAD.172.2 汽车为什么会跑.图解汽车构造与原理 .172.3 机械设计课程设计 .172.4 机械设计手册 .182.5 节能环保燃气锅炉控制系统设计 .182.6 基于 PLC 及模糊 PID 控制器的供暖锅炉控制系统设计 .192.7 蝶式太阳能热发电蒸汽温度与压力控制系统研究 .192.8 基于深度学习理论的机械装备大数据健康方法 .192.9 机械设备运行可靠性评估的思考 .202.10 中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择 .2011 英文文献翻译英文文献翻译1.1 Research On The Growth Path Of Technological Capability Of Automobile Manufacturers In Latecomer CountriesThe development level and competitive ability of the automobile industry are the comprehensive reflection of all kinds of technical capabilities in the automobile industry, and the vehicle manufacturing enterprises, as the carrier of the final products and services, are the key to the development of the automobile industry. Taking the car industry as an example, in order to quickly improve the technical ability of the car manufacturing enterprises, China has adopted the cooperation with the international auto industry giants to establish the development model of the joint venture. But the result of several years is full street foreign cars and joint ventures. The joint venture has not formed the expected technical ability, not only the car market is divided by foreign brands, but the original technical ability base of the Chinese joint venture is also lost. The failure of the technical ability model of the joint venture of market exchange technology makes us have to reexamine the growth path of the technical ability of our automobile manufacturing enterprises. This paper selects 5 representative independent brand car manufacturing enterprises in China, compares Japanese TOYOTA and Korea Hyundai Motor Company, and analyzes the technological capability growth path of the national automobile enterprises through comparison of their technological capability growth.1 Automotive industry modularization and technological capability modular growth1.1 The modularization of automobile industry2Some complex systems can be decomposed into several interrelated semi autonomous subsystems according to certain rules. The system with this decomposable characteristic is called the module system. With the internationalization and specialization of automobile production, the automobile industry system also shows obvious modularity characteristics. The modular of automobile industry refers to dividing the whole vehicle product into several independent modules according to function in design, each module is integrated with multiple parts or assemblies, and each module maintains a relatively fixed connection. The change of parts or assembly inside the module does not affect the connection between modules, and the whole car is produced on the basis of modules. The modularization of the automobile industry is based on the modularization of technology. From the function integrity and the module structure of the whole vehicle product, the components of the vehicle product can be divided into four categories: component, complete function module, single function module and multi-function integrated module (as shown in Figure 1). The modules of these different levels form the module system of the automobile industry through the aggregation and common function of the functions. The modular development of the automobile industry promotes the differentiation of enterprises in the industry into two main types of system integrated enterprises (vehicle manufacturing enterprises) and module enterprises (modular integrated suppliers, parts enterprises and various professional and technical companies). A large number of modular enterprises can make vehicle manufacturing enterprises form a vehicle production system through many ways such as subcontracting, purchasing and cooperation. In the process of the joint venture, the localization of parts and components has formed a large domestic spare parts supply system and technical output of various professional and technical companies, so that the car enterprises of our own brand can develop rapidly.1.2 Technology capability structure of late developing country automobile 3manufacturing enterprises based on module knowledge systemTo analyze the growth of technological capabilities of enterprises, we need to start with the essence and constitution of technological capabilities. From the essence of technical ability, enterprise technical ability is a kind of knowledge, so the growth of technical ability is the growth of stock knowledge and the creation of new knowledge. The stock knowledge refers to the existing knowledge in the knowledge system. From the view of structure, the knowledge structure characteristic of the automobile manufacturing enterprise is presented in the automobile manufacturing enterprise because of the modularization and modularization of the automobile industry.The knowledge of the module system exists in the form of information, and the internal information of the system is the basis of the existence and development of the module system. Baldwin and Clark borrow the similar ideas of computer science to divide the information of the module system into system information (visual design rules) and module information (the stealth design rules). The system information is composed of structure information, interface information and standard information. It is the system knowledge that defines the components, functions and integrated module information of the system module. The module information refers to the design rules within the module, does not exceed the boundary of the module, and is a hidden 3- 6 for the module outside. Various modules form a modular knowledge system through systematic knowledge connection (the conceptual framework of system modularization is shown in Figure 2). For automobile manufacturing enterprises, system knowledge includes the relevant technologies and standards in the whole process of vehicle development, and modular knowledge refers to parts and components technology and internal standards.In the module system, some modules are very important for the existence and development of the whole module system. These modules are called key 4modules. From the perspective of system complexity, the key modules have the following three characteristics:(1) the technical complexity of the module is high.(2) the interaction between modules and other modules is more. According to the basic principle of graph theory, the nodes of this type of modules have more adjacent nodes, so these modules have great influence on the stability of the system.(3) module function constitutes an important part of the main body or main body of the function of the superior module. The key module is the core function part of the module system. It is the premise and foundation of the whole system. The development and changes of the key modules often cause the fundamental change of the whole module system, and the evolution and upgrading of the module system are based on the evolution of the key modules. For the automobile module system, the power assembly module and the intelligent chassis module are the typical key modules for the whole vehicle products. At the same time, the engine is the key module of the power assembly module.2 Research on the growth path of technological capability of automobile manufacturers in latecomer countriesThe development level and competitive ability of the automobile industry are the comprehensive reflection of all kinds of technical capabilities in the automobile industry, and the vehicle manufacturing enterprises, as the carrier of the final products and services, are the key to the development of the automobile industry. Taking the car industry as an example, in order to quickly improve the technical ability of the car manufacturing enterprises, China has adopted the cooperation with the international auto industry giants to establish the development model of the joint venture. But the result of several years is full street foreign cars and joint ventures. The joint venture has not formed the expected technical ability, not only the car market is divided by foreign brands, but the original 5technical ability base of the Chinese joint venture is also lost. The failure of the technical ability model of the joint venture of market exchange technology makes us have to reexamine the growth path of the technical ability of our automobile manufacturing enterprises. This paper selects 5 representative independent brand car manufacturing enterprises in China, compares Japanese TOYOTA and Korea Hyundai Motor Company, and analyzes the technological capability growth path of the national automobile enterprises through comparison of their technological capability growth.2.1 research on the growth of technological capability of the national automobile manufacturing enterprises after the initial stageThere is a famous saying in the Toyota Corporation that imitation is always simpler than creation. It is the only way for technical ability to learn from the mature technology in the industry. In the initial stage of automobile manufacturing enterprises in late developing countries, the main task is to rapidly launch vehicle products, occupy the market or gain profits, so as to realize the survival needs of enterprises. The modular network of automobile production makes the automobile manufacturing enterprises can obtain all kinds of modules of the whole vehicle production through various modular integration suppliers, parts enterprises and professional technology companies. How to integrate the modules and components of different sources into the whole vehicle product is the key point for the development of the technological capability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the late development period. Therefore, the growth of the technological capability of the late developing countrys automobile manufacturing enterprises is mainly manifested by the stock growth of the system knowledge.The growth of the stock of system knowledge is formed through the technological learning of vehicle development process, with two main ways, namely, independent research and development, and commissioned research and 6development. In particular, in the way of independent research and development leading, enterprises learn through reverse engineering. Most of their models have imitative traces. The first models of TOYOTA, Geely and Chery can find the imitative shadow. In the way of principal R & D leading, enterprises entrust professional technology companies to develop new models and send them at the same time. Technical personnel participate in the whole process and carry out technical learning. Modern, Changan and Hafei take this kind of research and development mode 7. The key to develop the vehicle development ability is to actively participate in the whole vehicle development practice, to carry on the technical learning of the whole vehicle development process and to establish its own R & D team, whether it is independent R & D LED or commissioned by R & D leading. Complete entrustment design does not have the ability to develop vehicle development, because there is no technical learning in the complete entrustment design, for example, Huachen did not develop vehicle development ability at the start stage. And the module knowledge in the beginning stage does not appear technology growth, from the point of view of engine technology, all the automobile enterprises take the way of direct introduction or purchase of mature technology at this stage.Through the above comparison, it can be seen that the growth of the technical ability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the initial stage is the growth of the system knowledge represented by the vehicle development technology, and the replication and imitation of the technical ability in the system knowledge can be realized. The main way is technology learning. The successful construction of the technical ability of the enterprise in this stage is that the enterprise has the signature right of the vehicle design, and can independently carry out the purchase, production, assembly and simple adaptive improvement of the modules and components of the automobile products, and launch the first independent model. Start-ups often launch models for low-end markets that are ignored 7by large car manufacturers.2.2 the growth of technological capability of late developing countrys automobile manufacturing enterprisesWith the initial development of vehicle development technology in the early stage, enterprises have the basis of independent vehicle production, and enterprises enter the early stage of growth. At this stage, enterprises often adopt the strategy of imitation and follow up, and expand in the low-end market. However, the development of imitation based models requires enterprises to enhance vehicle development technology, which will inevitably require further growth of system knowledge. In addition, the market expansion of enterprises has touched the interests of large auto companies, and the key module technology, such as engine, is often in the hands of large automobile companies.The growth of system knowledge is manifested in the growth of stock knowledge and the creation of new knowledge. On the basis of deepening the technology learning, the enterprise carries on the adaptive creation of the system knowledge, mainly aiming at the adaptability of the module knowledge in the model improvement of the model. At this stage, enterprises with independent research and development strategies mimic successful models in the market by imitating improved R & D strategies, such as TOYOTA, Hyundai, Chery and Geely; companies with cooperative R & D strategies have deepened their R & D levels and increased their R & D ratios, such as Changan,Hafeiand Huachen . And no matter what research and development strategy, enterprises are actively looking for external partners, one is to make up for the lack of vehicle development technology, the two is to deepen technical learning. The continuous deepening of technological learning and vehicle development practices is a necessary way for knowledge growth of enterprise systems.The growth of key module knowledge is represented by the stock growth of module knowledge. In the process of expansion and growth of the 8independent brand car manufacturing enterprise, the original key module technology provider will stop the technical supply out of various considerations (such as the Mitsubishi Cos engine technology interruption to the modern engine) or the adaptive improvement of the refusal Technology (Fords refusal of the Chery engine to change the requirements), and the key module is high technology. Fees also make it difficult for independent brand auto manufacturers to afford (TOYOTA raises the price of Geelys engine supply). Enterprises urgently need to get rid of technology monopolies on key modules. These subjective and objective conditions force independent brand car manufacturers to realize the autonomy of key module knowledge. From the power assembly module, the car enterprises of independent brand generally adopt the purchase of lower layer module technology, cooperate with the professional engine technology company to carry out the technology learning and development practice of the power assembly module.Through the above comparison, it can be seen that the development of technological capability in the early growth stage of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the latter country shows that the development of vehicle development technology on the basis of imitation is improved continuously in the growth of system knowledge, and the growth of the stock knowledge of some key modules in the growth of the module knowledge is the growth of the stock knowledge of some key modules. The main approaches are continuous technological learning, technological cooperation and vehicle development practices. The symbol of the development of the technical ability of the national automobile manufacturing enterprises in this stage is the design and production of the engine based engine based power system module.2.3 Research on the growth of technological capability of late developing countries automobile manufacturersWith the continuous expansion of the scale of enterprises, the profits 9of the low end market are relatively low, and it is difficult to support the rapid expansion of enterprises. In the high speed growth stage, the product line of the enterprise began to extend to the middle end. The enterprise began to compete directly with the large automobile manufacturing enterprise. The technological ability of the imitation strategy made the enterprise inferior in the competition. First of all, in quality, the system knowledge and module knowledge caused by the imitation strategy do not adapt, making the independent brand automobile product quality generally poor; secondly, the competition focus of the low-grade car market is the price, and the focus of the middle grade car market is the price ratio, and the enterprise must improve the performance on the basis of imitation. Therefore, the improvement of product quality, the leading strategy of low cost and the implementation of differentiation strategy are the developing direction of the technological capability of enterprises at this stage. For Chinas independent brand car manufacturing enterprises, whether from the perspective of technological capability growth or from the perspective of enterprise scale, most of them stay in the early stage of growth, and have not entered the stage of high speed growth. Therefore, this stage selects TOYOTA and modern development for comparative analysis.The growth of system knowledge is manifested as the adaptive creation of new knowledge. It mainly includes:(1) to solve the problem of system adaptability caused by changes in module knowledge. With the change of key module technology, the vehicle development technology must be adjusted adaptively to ensure the stability of the whole module system.(2) improve the quality of the product. Almost all of the independent brand cars have left a quality and cheap impression in the early stage of growth. The crown RS of TOYOTA has been cold in the American market because of its low performance, and it has been considered the pronoun of low price 10cars in modern times. The rapid growth of enterprises needs to get rid of this negative influence. Therefore, the emphasis of vehicle development technology is on improving quality.(3) reduce the cost of production. As a market entry, whether in brand loyalty or technical level, the post national independent brand car has no advantage in the competition of the same grade model. TOYOTA and Hyundai have adopted low cost strategies to provide the same grade of vehicle products at lower prices. The successful implementation of low cost strategy is inseparable from efforts made by enterprises to reduce costs in vehicle development technology. The increasingly perfect JustInTime production mode is TOYOTAs magic weapon in this stage.2.4 The development of technological capability of automobile manufacturers in late developing countriesThe maturity of automobile manufacturing enterprises is represented by multiple series of vehicles with different market segments. First of all, mature enterprises enter the high-end car market, and the introduction of high-end models is a sign of the maturity of automobile manufacturers. From the development process of independent brand car manufacturing enterprises, its models are also rising step by step from low end to middle and high end. The high-end vehicle is a comprehensive reflection of the technical capability of the automobile manufacturing enterprise. The technological capability of the enterprise must be higher than that of the large automobile manufacturing enterprise in all aspects. Secondly, the original medium and low-grade car market also needs new upgrading and replacement to consolidate and maintain. This requires a comprehensive promotion of the technical ability of the enterprise.The growth of module knowledge is characterized by the rapid development of multiple key modules and the development of the sub module technology of key modules. TOYOTA has achieved leapfrog development in the three-dimensional research and development of each module in the power 11system module, and the modern development of the sub module technology of the power system module, and the development of the 10 in the next generation cylinder direct injection gasoline engine (GDI) power system with MITSUBISHI.The growth of the technological capability of the mature automobile manufacturing enterprises is manifested by the overall improvement of system knowledge and module knowledge, and the independent research and development of high intensity and multi fields is the main feature of this stage. Enterprises form their own leading industry module system and achieve multiple key modules.3 The development path of technological capability of automobile manufacturers in latecomer countriesThrough the comparison of the technological capability growth of the self-made brand car manufacturing enterprises in the post country, it can be seen that the technological capability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the latter country has not been promoted in an all-round way, and it is not an instant, but there is a specific growth path. The technical ability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the back - hair country is gradually formed and developed with the growth of the enterprises, showing different growth paths in different stages of growth.In the initial stage, the enterprise needs to master the system knowledge represented by the vehicle development technology through the technology learning and the whole vehicle development practice, and form the replication and imitation of the system knowledge. In the early growth stage, while deepening the knowledge of the system in the continuous technical learning and the whole vehicle development practice, it needs to form the technical ability of some key modules. The creative imitation of system knowledge and the replication and imitation of key module knowledge; in the high speed growth stage, the automobile manufacturing enterprises need to realize the adaptive creation of system knowledge and improve the 12knowledge differentiation of some key modules, realize the independent innovation of the system knowledge and the creative imitation of the key module knowledge; in the mature period, system knowledge and modules The comprehensive upgrading of knowledge enables the technological capabilities of enterprises to enter the stage of independent innovation. From the perspective of technological capability growth, the growth of modular knowledge is lagging behind the growth of system knowledge from time to time. In this process, continuous technological learning and high intensity independent research and development are necessary conditions for the formation of technological capability.1.2 中文翻译 汽车产业的发展水平和竞争能力,是汽车产业内各类技术能力的综合反映,而整车制造企业作为最终产品和服务的载体,其技术能力更是汽车产业发展的关键。以轿车产业为例,为了快速提升轿车制造企业的技术能力,我国采取与国际汽车产业巨头合作建立合资企业的发展模式。但数年来的结果是“满街外国车,到处合资厂”,合资企业并没有形成期望中的技术能力,不仅轿车市场被外国品牌瓜分,合资企业中中方原有的技术能力基础也丧失殆尽。以市场换取技术的合资培育技术能力模式的失败,使得我们不得不重新审视我国汽车制造企业技术能力的成长之路。本文选取我国 5 家具有代表性的自主品牌轿车制造企业,对比日本丰田和韩国现代汽车公司,通过对其技术能力成长的比较,分析后发国家汽车企业的技术能力成长路径。1汽车产业模块化与技术能力模块化成长1.1 汽车产业的模块化某些复杂系统可以按照一定的规则分解成若干相互联系的半自律性子系统,具有这种可分解特点的系统被称为模块系统1。随着汽车生产国际化和专业化的深入,汽车产业系统也表现出明显的模块化特征。汽车产业的模块化,是指在设计时按功能将整车产品分成若干独立的模块,每个模块集成多个零件或总成,各模块间保持相对固定的联接,模块内部的零件或总成的变化不影响模块间的联接,整车产品以模块为基础进行生产。汽车产业的模块化是在技术模块化基础上的产业模块化。从功能完整性和整车产品的模块结构来看,整车产品的组成模块可以分为:构件、非完整功能模块、单一功能模块和多功能集成模块四类(如图 1 所示),这些不同层级的模块通过功能的聚合共同组13成了汽车产业的模块系统。汽车产业的模块化发展,推动产业内的企业分化成系统集成企业(整车制造企业)和模块企业(模块化集成供应商、零部件企业和各类专业技术公司)两类主体。模块企业的大量存在,使得整车制造企业可以通过分包、购买、合作等诸多途径形成整车生产体系。合资过程中的“零部件国产化”形成国内庞大的零部件供应体系、各类专业技术公司的技术输出,使我国自主品牌的轿车企业能够快速发展起来。1.2基于模块知识系统的后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力结构分析企业技术能力的成长,需要从技术能力的本质和构成入手2。从技术能力的本质来看,企业技术能力是一种知识,所以技术能力的成长表现为存量知识的增长和新知识的创造,其中存量知识是指知识系统内已存在的知识。从结构上看,由于汽车产业技术模块化特点和生产模块化发展,使得汽车制造企业的知识呈现出模块系统的知识结构特性。模块系统的知识以信息的形式存在,系统内部信息(系统内部规则)是模块系统的存在和发展的基础。Baldwin 和 Clark 借用计算机科学的类似思想,将模块系统的信息分为系统信息(可视设计规则)和模块信息(隐形的设计规则)。系统信息主要由结构信息、接口信息和标准信息组成,是定义系统模块构成、功能及整合模块信息的系统知识;模块信息指模块内部的设计规则,不超出模块边界进行联系,对于模块外部而言是“隐藏”的3- 6。各类模块通过系统知识联系形成模块知识系统(系统模块化的概念框架如图2 所示)。对于汽车制造企业而言,系统知识包括整车开发全过程的相关技术、标准;模块知识指各零部件技术、内部标准。在模块系统中,某些模块对于整个模块系统的存在与发展至关重要,这类模块被称为关键模块。从系统复杂性角度来看,关键模块具有以下三个特征:(1)模块内部的技术复杂度较高;(2)模块与其他模块的交互较多,根据图论的基本原理,这类模块所在的节点的邻接节点较多,所以这类模块对系统的稳定性影响较大;（3）模块功能构成上级模块功能的主体或主体的重要组成部分。可见,关键模块是模块系统的核心功能部分,是整个系统存在的前提和基础,关键模块的发展变化往往会引起整个模块系统的根本性变动,而模块系统的进化升级也是以关键模块的进化升级为基础。对于汽车模块系统,动力总成模块、智能底盘模块对于整车产品都是典型的关键模块,同时发动机又是动力总成模块的关键模块。2后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力阶段性成长研究14企业技术能力的成长蕴含于企业成长的过程中,尤其是对于高技术集成度和技术复杂度的汽车制造企业,技术能力的成长伴随着企业成长的始终。所以,研究后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长路径,必须分别对企业成长各阶段中技术能力的成长进行分析。汽车产业技术能力的模块结构,使得汽车制造企业技术能力的成长分为系统知识和模块知识两类成长。其中,系统知识的成长集中体现在整车开发技术上,表现为车型的变化;模块知识的成长以关键模块知识为核心,以发动机技术为例进行分析。2.1初创期后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长研究丰田公司内部流传着一句名言:“模仿永远比创造简单”,对于技术近似零起步的后发国家汽车制造企业而言,学习借鉴产业内的成熟技术是技术能力成长的必由之路。后发国家汽车制造企业在起步阶段,主要任务是快速推出整车产品,占领市场或获取利润,实现企业的生存需要。汽车生产的模块化网络,使得汽车制造企业可以通过各类模块化集成供应商、零部件企业和专业技术公司,获取整车生产的各类模块。如何将不同渠道来源的模块和构件集成整合形成整车产品,是后发国家汽车制造企业在初创期技术能力成长的重点。所以,本阶段后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力的成长主要表现为系统知识的存量增长。系统知识的存量增长是通过对整车开发流程的技术学习形成,主要有自主研发主导和委托研发主导两种途径。具体来说,自主研发主导方式中,企业通过“反求工程”进行技术学习,其车型大多存在模仿的痕迹,从丰田、吉利和奇瑞的首款车型都可以找出模仿的影子;在委托研发主导方式中,企业委托专业技术公司进行新车型的开发,同时派出技术人员全程参与,进行技术学习,现代、长安和哈飞采取的是这类研发方式7。而不管是自主研发主导还是委托研发主导,企业积极主动地参与整车开发实践,进行整车开发流程的技术学习,建立自己的研发团队,是形成整车开发能力的关键。完全的委托设计并不能够形成整车开发能力,因为完全委托设计中并不存在技术学习,如华晨在起步阶段并没有形成整车开发能力。而模块知识在起步阶段并没有出现技术成长,从发动机技术来看,所有的汽车企业在此阶段都采取直接引进或购买成熟技术的方式。通过上述比较可知,初创期汽车制造企业技术能力的成长表现为以整车开发技术为代表的系统知识的存量增长,实现技术能力在系统知识上的复制模仿成长,主要的途径是技术学习。本阶段企业技术能力成功构建的标志是企业具备整车设计的签字权,并能够独立自主的进行汽车产品各模块和构件的采购、生产、组装和简单的适应性改进,推出第一款自主车型。初创期企业推出的车型往往是面向被大型汽车制造商忽略的低端15市场。2.2早期成长阶段后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长研究随着初创期整车开发技术的初步形成,企业具备了独立进行整车生产的基础,企业进入早期成长阶段。此阶段,企业往往采取模仿跟进的战略,在低端市场进行扩张。而基于模仿的车型改进开发需要企业提升整车开发技术,必然要求系统知识的进一步成长。此外,企业的市场扩张触动了大型汽车公司的利益,而发动机等关键模块技术往往掌握在大型汽车公司手中,出于竞争等因素的考虑,企业必须在关键模块知识上实现自主。系统知识的成长表现为存量知识增长和新知识的创造,企业本阶段在深化技术学习的基础上,进行系统知识的适应性创造,主要是针对车型模仿改进中模块知识间的适应性问题。在本阶段,采取自主研发策略的企业通过模仿改进的研发策略模仿市场上的成功车型,如丰田、现代、奇瑞和吉利;采取合作研发策略的企业深化合作研发程度,不断增加承担研发比率,如长安、哈飞和华晨7。而且不管采取何种研发策略,企业都积极寻找外部合作伙伴,一是为了弥补企业整车开发技术上的缺失,二是为了深化技术学习。技术学习和整车开发实践的持续深入是企业系统知识成长的必要途径。关键模块知识的成长表现为模块知识的存量增长。自主品牌轿车制造企业在扩张成长过程中,原有的关键模块技术提供方出于各种考虑都会停止技术供给(如三菱公司对现代的发动机技术中断)或拒绝技术的适应性改进(福特对奇瑞的发动机改进要求的拒绝),关键模块高昂的技术使用费也使自主品牌汽车制造企业难以负担(丰田对吉利的发动机供给提价) ,企业迫切需要摆脱在关键模块上的技术垄断。这些主客观条件迫使自主品牌轿车制造企业必须实现对关键模块知识的自主。从动力总成模块上看,自主品牌的轿车企业普遍采取的是购买下层子模块技术,同专业发动机技术公司进行合作开发,进行动力总成模块的技术学习和开发实践。通过上述比较可以看出,后发国家汽车制造企业在早期成长阶段技术能力的成长,在系统知识的成长上表现为模仿基础上的整车开发技术不断提升,在模块知识的成长上表现为某些关键模块技术上的存量知识增长。主要途径是技术学习、技术合作和整车开发实践的持续进行。本阶段后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力成长的标志是企业实现对成功车型的快速模仿改进,并能够自主进行发动机为主的动力系统模块的设计和生产。2.3高速成长阶段后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长研究随着企业规模的不断扩张,低端市场的利润较低,难以支持企业的高速扩张。高速16成长阶段,企业的产品线开始向中端延伸,企业开始同大型汽车制造企业直接竞争,模仿策略形成的技术能力使得企业在竞争中处于劣势。首先,在质量上,模仿策略所造成的系统知识与模块知识的不适应,使得自主品牌汽车产品质量普遍较差;其次,低档车市场的竞争焦点是价格,而中档车市场的竞争焦点是性价比,企业必须在模仿的基础上实现性能的提升。所以,产品质量的提升、低成本领先战略和差异化战略的实施是企业本阶段技术能力的成长方向。对于我国自主品牌轿车制造企业,不论是从技术能力成长角度还是从企业规模角度来看,大都停留在早期成长阶段,而没有进入高速成长阶段。所以,本阶段选取丰田和现代的发展进行比较分析。 系统知识的成长表现为新知识的适应性创造。主要包括:(1)解决模块知识变动所引发的系统适应性问题。关键模块技术的改变,使得整车开发技术必须做出适应性调整,以保证整个模块系统的稳定性。(2)提升产品质量。几乎所有的自主品牌汽车在早期成长阶段都留下了质次价廉的印象,丰田的皇冠 RS 曾因性能低下在美国市场遭受冷遇、现代也曾被认为是低价车的代名词。企业高速成长阶段的发展迫切需要摆脱这种负面影响,所以企业也将整车开发技术提升的重点放在质量的改善上。(3)降低生产成本。作为市场进入者,不管是在品牌忠诚还是技术水平上,后发国家自主品牌汽车在同档次车型的竞争中没有任何优势,丰田和现代都采取了低成本战略,以更低的价格提供相同档次的整车产品。而低成本战略的成功实施,离不开企业在整车开发技术上降低成本所做的努力。日趋完善的“JustInTime”生产方式就是丰田本阶段的制胜法宝。2.4成熟期后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长研究汽车制造企业成熟期的成长表现为不同细分市场的多系列车型并进。首先,成熟期企业进入高档车市场,高档车型的推出是汽车制造企业进入成熟期的标志。从自主品牌轿车制造企业的发展历程来看,其车型也是一步一步从低端向中、高端攀升。高档车是汽车制造企业技术能力的综合反映,企业的技术能力必须在方方面面上同大型汽车制造企业一较高下。其次,企业原有的中低档车市场也需要新车型不断的升级和换代来巩固维持。这都需要企业技术能力的全面提升。模块知识的成长表现为多个关键模块技术的跨越式发展,以及关键模块的子模块技术的跨越发展。丰田在动力系统模块内各子模块的立体研发,实现了跨越式发展;而现代也在动力系统模块的子模块技术实现跨越式发展,并同三菱联手进入下一代缸内直喷17汽油机(GDI)动力系统的研发10。成熟期汽车制造企业技术能力的成长,表现为系统知识和模块知识的全面提升,高强度多领域的自主研发是本阶段的主要特征。企业形成以自身为主导的产业模块系统,并在多个关键模块技术上实现跨越。3后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力成长路径研究通过对后发国家自主品牌轿车制造企业技术能力成长的比较,可以看出,后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力成长既不是全面推进、一蹴而就的,也不是千头万绪、望而兴叹的,而是存在着特定的成长路径。后发国家汽车制造企业的技术能力是伴随着企业的成长而逐渐形成并发展起来的,在不同成长阶段表现出不同的成长路径。在初创期,企业需要通过技术学习和整车开发实践掌握以整车开发技术为代表的系统知识,形成系统知识的复制模仿;在早期成长阶段,在持续的技术学习和整车开发实践深化系统知识的同时,需要形成某些关键模块的技术能力,实现系统知识的创造性模仿和关键模块知识的复制模仿;在高速成长阶段,汽车制造企业需要实现系统知识的适应性创造与某些关键模块知识差异化改进,实现系统知识的自主创新和关键模块知识的创造性模仿;在成熟期,系统知识和模块知识的全面提升,使得企业的技术能力全面进入自主创新阶段。从技术能力成长过程来看,模块知识的成长从时序上落后于系统知识的成长。在此过程中,持续的技术学习和高强度的自主研发是技术能力形成的必要条件。182 专业阅读书目专业阅读书目2.1电气制图与电子线路 CAD内容摘要：在产品的工程设计和制造过程中，人们一般用图的形式来表示信息，电气图和机械图是工程常用的两类不同的工程图，这两类图所要表达的对象不同，所采用的方法也不同。电气图反映的不是电气元件或设备的外形，而是它们功能原理和信号。所以不能像机械制图中用投影绘制的机械图样来画电气图，而是只能用反映电气功能原理和信号的图形符号来绘制电气图。 （邵群涛.电气制图与电子线路 CADM.北京：机械工业出版社 2005）2.2汽车为什么会跑.图解汽车构造与原理内容摘要： 汽车动力来源于它的“心脏” ，也就是发动机。那么发动机的“心脏”是什么？气缸！气缸是产生汽车驱动力的源头，不论汽车能达到多高的速度，能跑多大的坡，能拉多重的货物，一切动力都来自气缸内部，都是有燃料在气缸内部燃烧后推动活塞运动，再通过连杆、曲轴、变速器
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