初三英语总复习.doc

英语基础语法词类篇词的种类英语的词有实词(notional word)和虚词(form word)两种。实词都有词义，共有六类：名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。虚词没有词义，共有四类：冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。名词一 名词的定义：表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。girl city war notebook honesty youth time family milk painting Henry London the United states of America二 名词的分类 名词可以根据其意义分为普通名词和专有名词。例如, John is a student. 普通名词前面可以用不定冠词 a/an，定冠词the或者零冠词等修饰，专有名词前一般用零冠词。专有名词的首字母应该大写。 普通名词又可以分成四类个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词：book, table, house集合名词：family, crowd, army物质名词 milk, water, honey抽象名词：honesty, happiness, love 名词可以根据其可数性分为可数名词与不可数名词。个体名词和集合名词一般为可数名词。 A girl, a chair, a tree, a family, an army. 表示物质、动作和抽象概念的名词大多不可数。例如：milk thinking glass anger honesty 三 名词的数 数是名词的重要特征之一。英语名词可以分为单数和复数：单数表示“一”；复数表示“多于一”。一以下为单数，一以上为复数，如：half a day, one day, one and a half days, two days, one or two days. 名词由于经常成为一句话的主语，因此名词的数往往决定谓语动词的数（主谓一致）。在绝大多数情况下，单形名词表示单数概念，复形名词表示复数概念。如：(1) The pen is much stronger than the sword(2) Two heads are better than one.但也有例外， Can man be free if woman is a slave?一 ）名词的规则复数形式1 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加 s或 es。1）直接加-s 2）在以 s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的名词后面加es 3）以辅音字母y结尾的名词，变y为i,再加上es 4) 以f或fe结尾的名词，则将f或fe变为ves 5)以o结尾的名词分为两种情况：以辅音o结尾的名词加-es;以元音o结尾的名词加-s。但以上规则也有很多例外，例如第四种情况，gulf-gulfs, grief-griefs, roof-roofs, reef-reefs. Scarf-scarfs/scarves.名词的不规则复数形式 1）变内部元音。 例如， foot, man, woman, tooth, mouse 2)单复数形式一致。 Deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese. 3）child-children, ox-oxen 4)本身即为复数意义的。clothes, people, trousers, glasses。 2 最重要的是绝大部分可数名词具有以下基本特征: 1) 有复数形式 2）可以用数词直接修饰 3）可以用a/an 直接修饰 4）可以只能修饰可数名词的限定词或短语有：many, a few, few, a number of 等。 二） 不可数名词的数 不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。基本特征：1) 没有复数形式 2）不可以用数词直接修饰。但是可以用一些表示“量”的名词修饰。 a glass of water, a cup of tea, a bottle of milk, a piece of chalk 3）不可以用a/an 直接修饰 4）只能修饰不可数名词的限定词或短语有：much, a little, little 等。当然还有很多限定成分即可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。 1 不可数名词的范围：1)物质名词 bread, chalk, cheese, oil, wine, tea, paper 2)抽象名词 anger, fun, time, youth, death, luck, news, advice 但是，可数名词和不可数名词有时候没有明显的界线，有一些名词随着意义的变化，他们的数也随之变化。例如，hair, orange, fish, paper. 三）其他情况 1 名词化的词的数 名词化的形容词大多数表示人称，通常与定冠词the连用,被看作复数概念。例如，the young, the old, the dead, the living, the rich, the poor, the beautiful.2 复合名词的数1）有时候，两个名词可以合成一个新词，这时将最后一个部分变为复数形式。如：housewives, sportwatches, gentlemen.2) 用连字符连接成为一个新词，将主要部分变为复数形式。如: passers-by, lookers-on, mothers-in-law.3) 由man 或woman作为第一部分的复合名词，把两个部分都变成复数形式。例如，men doctors, women cooks, men teachers, women singers. 四 名词的格 名词的格是表示两个名词之间所属关系的一种语法现象。形式有两种：一种是由名词末尾加s构成。用来表示有生命的东西；二是由介词of加名词构成。多用来表示无生命的东西。 一）s所有格的构成和使用方法 1 构成方法：以s 或es结尾的复数名词在结尾处加，其他情况一律在结尾加s. 例如, the boys mother, the two boysmother, the childrens mother, mens clothes。以-s结尾的单数形式人名后加s。 例如， Thomass brother, Charless job.2 使用方法：s所有格常表现有生命的东西，但也可以用于无生命的情况。1）用在表示时间的名词后面 todays newspaper, ten minuteswalk from here2) 用于表示国家、城市等名词后面, the citys park, Chinas development s所有格的名词如商店、家宅等地点时，该名词可以经常省略。如，at the doctors, near the grocers, to my uncles 3 其他用法 1)几个名词并列时，在表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均须加s。如， Johns and Susans desks, Japans and Americas problems. 如果不是这样，仅在最后一词末尾加s，以表示共有关系。John and Susans desks, Japan and Americas problems 2)双重所有格 of +s 结构叫做双重所有格，如, a friend of my fathers代 词 代词是用来指代人或事物名称的词。一共有八类代词，它们分别是：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词。 一 人称代词 一）人称代词的种类：主格 I we you you he she it they 宾格 me us you you him her it them 其中大家注意宾格的用法，分为动词宾语、介词宾语。在比较结构中as 或than的后面多使用宾格。在句中作表语时用宾格。例如，oh, its you. Its me. 二）it 的用法 1 代表已经提到过的一件事物。 (1) The vase is very valuable. Its more than 200 years old. (2) I love swimming. It keeps me fit. (3) You have saved my life; I shall never forget it. 2 不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时 （1）Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? (2) Whos at the door? Its Li Ming. (3) Whats that speaking? Its Mr. Smith. 3 表示时间、距离、天气等。 (1) Its half past one. (2) Its six miles to the nearest hospital from here. (3) Its a fine day. 4 做形式主语 (1) It is difficult to understand the article. (2) Its no use crying over spilt milk. (3) Its a waste of time your talking to him. (4) It is strange that he did not come at all. 5 做形式宾语 (1) I found it difficult to explain to him what had happened. (2) You must find it exciting working here. (3) They kept it quiet that he was dead 二 指示代词 指示代词是用来指示或标识人或事物的代词，主要有 this/these, that/those。 that/those 可以指代上文出现的事物。this/these 代表下文出现的事物。 (1) English is the most popular in the world. That is why Chinese like to learn the language. (2) The weather in Hainan is much warmer than that in Handan. (3) Now hear this. Meeting all the students on the playground. 三 关系代词 关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which, as等，可以用作引导从句的关联词。在定语从句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。(1) This is the girl who answered the phone politely(2) He is the thief whom the police have been looking for.(3) You are the only one whose advice he would like to listen to.(4) The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher.(5) This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon. 四 不定代词不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词分为：普通不定代词 1）some, any, no 2)somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one, something, anything, nothing, one, none 个体代词 1) all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, half 2)everybody, everyone, everything 数量代词 many, much, few, little, a few, a little, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many 一 some/any 的用法 1 some可以修饰单数可数名词，意思是 “某个“ （1） Some boy broke the window. (2) Hes living at some place in East Asia. 2 some可以用在表示“请求”或“建议”，希望得到肯定回答(yes)的疑问句中。 (1) Will you get me some water? (2) May I have some rice? (3) Did you see some of his photos in the magazine? (4) Didnt he give you some money? 3 any可以用于由if 或whether引导的宾语从句中。 (1) Let me know if you hear any news. (2) I wonder if you have met any of these people before. 还可以用在条件状语从句当中(1) If you have any news, call me up right away.(2) If there any new magazines in the library, take some for me.4 用于肯定句中，表示“任何”，修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词。如：(1) Come any day you like.(2) Any time you want me, just send for me.二 none/all/either/neither/both的用法一）none 的用法 (not any or not a)意思是没有人或物 1 用于指代单数名词、复数可数名词和不可数名词 (1) None have arrived yet. (2) I bought a lot of books in London, but he bought none. (3) I wanted some more coffee but none was left. 2 none 后面经常跟of短语，其后用复数形式或不可数名词。作主语时谓语动词可用单数或复数形式。 (1) None of his friends has ever been to Paris. (2) None of the passengers were aware of the danger. (3) None of the money was ever found.3 No one 与 none 的区别 no one仅用来指代人，而none可以指代人或物(1) No one failed the examination. 没有一个人考试不及格。(2) None of the students failed the examination. 没有学生考试不及格。4. all 的用法：指代二人以上的人或物 (1) All are welcome. (everyone) (2) It is hard to please all. (everyone) (3) I dont find any change here, all looks as it always did. (everything) (4) Some day his picture will be worth more than all you have in your shop. (everything) (5) All of the boys want to become football players. (6) He has spent all of the money you gave. (7) They all found the lectures useful. (8) We are all extremely fond of her. (9) The villages have all been destroyed. 5. either, neither 和 both的用法 either, neither这两个词是意思相反的词。Either 的意思是one or the other.， 意思是两者之中任何一个。在句子中作主语或宾语，表示单数概念，作主语的时候谓语动词用单数形式。后面常跟of短语。 of后面的短语为复数意义短语。(1) Either of the plans is equally dangerous.(2) which of the two rooms would you like, sir?- Oh, either, I dont care.(3) The news didnt surprise either of them.(4) He could write with either hand.(5) Take either half; theyre the same. Neither的用法与either的用法相同，但意思相反( not one or the other)(1) I try on two dresses, but neither fits me.(2) For a long time neither spoke again.(3) Neither of my friends has come yet.(4) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.(5) I have traveled by both trains and neither train had a restaurant car.(6) Neither brother has been abroad. Both 的意思是 “one and the other”(1) Two men were hurt in the accident. Both are now in hospital.(2) I dont know which book is the better; I shall read both.(3) Why not use both?(4) Both of the films were very good.(5) Do both (of) your parents like dancing?(6) She invited both of us to the party.(7) The girls both left early.(8) They both agreed with the plan.(9) These children are both mine.(10) They told us both to wait.还需要注意这三个词的其他用法，例如, either 可以在否定句中代替 “too”;以及在并列连词当中的用法 either or。Neither 可以用在倒装句中，还可以用在并列连词neither nor当中。Bothand 的用法也要注意。 三 another, other(s) 和the others 的用法 1. another 意思是“另一个”或“又一个”。指代单数的可数名词。 (1) The moon cake is delicious. Would you like another (one)? (2) One is blind, another is deaf, and a third is lame. (3) Ah, where can we find another like her? (4) We went into another room. (5) This pen doesnt work. I must buy another one. (6) He went back to work too soon, and was laid up for another three months.(7) He waited for another two hours. 2. other(s)和the other(s) 用法 (1) Some children like milk chocolate, other children prefer plain chocolate.(2)When I returned I found my wife talking to our neighbour. The other guests had gone.(3) The bank is on the other side of the street.数 词数词有两种。表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词，如one, ten, fifty-two 等。表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词，如 first, tenth, fiftieth。一 基数词 1 112 的基数词，1319的基数词，2090等十位数的基数词。2129由十位数20加个位数19构成，中间应有连字符“”，即：twenty-one 21 twenty-eight 28 2 百位数由19加hundred构成，如包括十位数和个位数，中间可以用and 连接，也可以不用；如指包含个位数，即十位数为零时，则 and 不可以省略。 Seven hundred and six 706 three hundred (and) forty-one 3413大数的用法 从左向右，三位数一个单位（逗号）。1，234，567，890one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety 4 基数词一般没有复数。在有些特殊情况下可以由复数。 two threes a man in his forties hundreds of students tens of thousands of people 二 序数词 1 序数词119可以记忆。其他可以找相应的规律记忆 2 序数词的用法 (1) The first is better than the second. (2) She was the fourth in the exam. (3) He was among the first to arrive. (4) A third man entered the room. (5) When did you first meet him? 三 数词的其他用法 1 倍数、分数、小数和百分数的表达方法 (1) The room is three times as large as that one. (2) This room is three times larger than that one. (3) 1/3 one third, 1/2 one half, 2/3 two thirds, 1/4 a quarter or one fourth, 3/4 three quarters, 2/5 two fifths, two and five sixths(4) 1.25 one point two five, 0.56 zero point five six(5) 5% five per cent, 0.5% point five per cent. 2 编号表示法 编号可以用序数词或基数词表示，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词，基数词位于名词之后。 The second part = part two 第二部分 The eighth lesson = lesson eight 第八课 基数词较为简单，所以用基数词的情况较多。如： Number 6, line 4, page 10, Room 101, Bus (No.) 332, postcode 100081 3 年、月、日表示法 1949 (nineteen forty-nine), 1900 (nineteen hundred), 1908 (nineteen hundred and eight), 1960s (nineteen sixties) 时间表达法 06:00 (zero six hundred hours) 21:25 (twenty-one twenty-five)形容词 & 副词 形容词是用来说明或修饰名词（代词）的词类。其特征是： 一般放在所修饰词的前面。例如，Its a cold and windy day. The food is delicious.。但是放在一些不定代词的后面。例如，Well always have something Chinese on our Christmas tree. Have you seen anyone strange on your way home? 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句话的词类，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。(1) We should listen to our teachers carefully.(2) The boy threw the snowballs quickly(3) He could speak French very well.(4) “What happened?” I asked, rather angrily. (5) Luckily, he was not badly hurt. 副词的位置一般在be或情态动词动词之后，行为动词之前。当句中有其他助动词时，放于其后。（1） He is always late.（2） He always comes late.（3） I shall always remember it.（4） You must never get off the train when it is moving.一 形容词和副词的比较 形容词和副词的比较分为三个等级，即原级比较、比较级和最高级。（词形的变化略）1 原级比较 比较的结构为 (not) so/asas (1) Hes as tall as I/me. (2) He likes her as much as he likes his sister. (3) He doesnt smoke so heavily as his brother. (4) German is just as difficult as English.注意:我们可以用lessthan替代not as(so)as2 比较级 比较级的结构为 than (1) He is taller than I/me. (2) Liu Mei jumped father than any other girl in Class 1.注意：1) He is the taller of the two. 这一句中的taller前有定冠词the. 2) 在比较级当中常常用that/those 替代前面出现的人或物以避免重复。The chairs in Picture 1 are bigger than those in Picture 2.3 最高级 最高级常常用于 “ the+最高级比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。 (1) This is the best picture in the hall. (2) This is the best picture of all. (3) This is the best picture I have ever seen. (4) He sings (the) best in the class.形容词的最高级也可以用the least修饰. 如：(1) Which do you think is the least expensive way to travel?(2) Can you do the most work with the least time? 二 比较中注意的问题 1 比较的一致 (1) The weather in Hainan is warmer than Handan. (2) My bike is as nice as you. 2 可以修饰比较级的修饰成分 much, many, far, a little, a bit, a lot, any, no, even, still, yet和数词可以 用来修饰比较级3 一些使用比较级的结构 (1) Things are getting better and better. (2) The harder she worked, the more progress she made.4 可以用比较级达到最高级的效果的结构 He is taller than any other student/every other student/anyone else/(all) the other students in his class. 5 可以用来修饰最高级的短语或词类 序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means 可以修饰最高级。(1) The Yellow River is the second longest in China.(2) Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest.(3) Of the three boys Nick is almost the cleverest.(4) Of the three boys Nice is by no means the cleverest. 6 其他用来表示比较的结构 (1) Its clear enough. ( Its as clear as is necessary.) (2) They are the same age. (3) I prefer yellow to white. (4) I like spring better than summer.介 词 介词一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，一般不重读，在句中不单独作任何成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他成分的关系。 一 介词的分类1 表示时间的介词 about, after, around, at, before, behind, betweenand, by, during, for, fromto, in, of, on, past, since, till(until), within 2 表示地点或方位的介词 on, in, at, over, under, above, below, in front of, in the front of, next to，at the back of, on ones left/right, in the middle of, into, among, before, behind, across along, around, beside, between, from, through, throughout, to, towards 3 表示去除 besides, but, except 4 表示比较 as, like 5 表示原因、目的 for, with, from 6 表示手段、方式 by, in, with 7 表示所属 of, with 8 表示对于 for, to, over, at, with 二 介词与其他词类的搭配 1 与名词的搭配 at home, by the door, at three clock, on Sunday, during the night, for good, with care 2 与动词的搭配 listen to, talk about, talk with, agree to, agree with, put on, put up, put away, take off连 词 连词是连接单词、短语、从句、分句或者句子的一种虚词，在句中不单独作句子成分，一般不重读。 一 并列连词 and, but, or, so, for, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also 二 从属连词 1 引导状语从句的从属连词 after, when, before, while, as, as soon as, by the time, every time, until (till), since, if, as long as, unless, even if, even though, though, although, no matter what, sothat/suchthat, so that, than, asas 2 引导宾语从句的从属连词 if, whether, that, what, how, why, where, when, who, whom, whose, which 3 引导定语从句的从属连词 who, whom, whose, when, where, which, that, as 动 词 动词是表示动作或状态的词。如：walk, play, sleep, live, like, know, love绝大部分动词和名词、代词一样，也有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数必须和主语保持一致。英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种。它主要的语法特征（变化）是：1）时态 2）语态 3）语气 一 动词的分类 一）及物动词和不及物动词 及物动词可以直接带宾语。如，John Ford himself opened the door for me. 不及物动词则不需要宾语。如，The rain stopped and the sun came out. 二）连系动词、助动词、情态动词和行为动词 1 连系动词 它是一种连接主语和谓语的动词。后面必须跟随表语。（名词，形容词，代词，数词，介词短语） (1) It is not late. (2) He is an English teacher. (3) The book is hers. (4) Five minus one is four. We are fifteen. (5) They are at the meeting. seem, look, appear, taste, sound, smell, feel, become, get, grow, turn, keep, stay (6) He seems to know the answer. (7) Your idea sounds very good. (8) The silk feels soft. (9) The temperature stays below zero in the night. (10) The dish smells good. 2 助动词 没有词义，不能单独作谓语。有do, be, have, shall, will.它们和句中的实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态和语气以及否定和疑问结构。 (1) He doesnt get up at 6:30 in the morning. (2) The baby is always crying at night. (3) They have left for Australia. (4) The idea was given up years ago. (5) Will you go shopping with us? (6) When shall we meet? 3 情态动词 词义不完全，在句中不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成谓语；它们有shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must(have to), need, had better等。 注意：情态动词后要跟不带to的动词原形 (1) You should always wash your hands before meals. (2) A frightened bear will hurt campers. (3) George can speak several languages. (4) It must have rained yesterday, for the ground was wet. (5) You neednt give me a lift on your scooter Im much too heavy anyway. (6) Would you like to come to supper? 1) can, could, may, might 能力、请求、邀请，推测和惊讶等语气 (1) Can you skate? Could you swim when you were nine? (2) Can/Could you come to my party? (3) Can/Could/May/Might I ask you a question? (4) It can/could/may/might be Li Mings book. It cant be Li Mings book. (5) How can/could your father make a computer at home? 2) shall, should, will, would 建议、邀请、劝告和意愿等语气 (1) When and where shall we meet? (2) You should work hard, or youll fall behind others. (3) Will/Would you play football with us? (4) Would you like to have supper with me? 3) must, have to, need 责任、义务、禁止和必要性 (1) We must/have to keep our classroom clean. (2) We mustnt talk in class. (3) Does he have to stay in bed? Need he stay in bed? Yes, he does/must. No, he doesnt/No, h