2006上试卷A参考答案及评分标准.doc

制卷人签名 制卷日期 审核人签名 审核日期 适用年级专业 2006年 上学期2003级土木工程专业英语课程期末考试（A卷参考答案及评分标准）学院土木工程与力学学院 专业 土木工程 班级 学号 姓名 考试时间 120 分钟 考试方式 闭卷(可带字典或电子字典) 考试成绩 一、 请分别用四种不同句型将下述四个汉语句子翻译成英语 (20分)评分标准：每小题5分（译文大意正确且关键词正确得3分， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得满分，介于二者之间得4分）1、土木工程.这个最古老的工程专业，是指对被建设环境的规划、设计、建筑和管理。这个环境包括按科学原理所建的一切结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设备。Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environ-ment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irri-gation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.2、结构工程. 在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. 3、岩土工程：从事这个领域工作的土木工程师分析支承建筑物并影响结构特性的土壤和岩石的性质。Geotechnical engineering. Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. 4、环境工程：是关于由于建筑,机械,系统和人类活动所涉及的过程中所产生的污染问题的一个工程分支. Environmental engineering is a branch of engin-eering that is concerned with pollution by the structures, machines, systems, and processes that are involved in hu-man activities. 二、 将下述句子翻译成中文(30分)评分标准：每小题3分（译文大意正确且关键词正确， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得3分，译文大意基本正确得2分，译文基本不正确得1分）1、 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of building and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth.译：他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。2、 They coodinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work.译：事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。3、 Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.译：许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。4、 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present, one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements.译：从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有一个躲避风雨的地方。5、 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors.译：建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境、及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。6、 Architecture calls for good proportionsa pleasing relationship of voids to solids, of height to width, of length to breadth.译：建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。7、 Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required.译：因为所需墙体的厚度很大，承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度。8、 Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings because the corrugations, when enclosed by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines.译：办公大楼中常使用波纹钢地板，这是因为波纹钢地板的波纹当由另一块金属板盖上时，可以形成电话线和电线管道。9、 All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.译：所有地表以下的土都处于受压状态，说得更精确些，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。10、 Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which drinking water is taken downstream(下游), special attention is given not only to the removal of organic matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection processes that inactivate microorganisms(微生物). 译：从废水排入江河处的下游取用饮水时,不仅要特别注意从废水中清除有机物,而且要注意进行纯化微生物的消毒处理.三、 翻译下述专业词语(30分)评分标准：每小题3分（答对得满分，答错不得分）1、 剪力墙： shear wall2、 钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete3、 高层建筑：high-rise building4、 spandrel beam：(窗下墙的)墙托梁5、 stressed-skin tube:薄壳筒体6、 空气调节：air conditioning7、 承重墙：bearing wall8、 Load-Carrying Frame:承载框架9、 By-product:副产品10、 Drainage system排水系统四、 翻译下述短文(20分) 评分标准：第（3）、（4）、（7）小题各4分，其它每小题2分；（译文大意正确且关键词正确， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得满分，译文大意基本正确得50%的分，译文基本不正确得20%的分，译文完全不对不得分）（1）The appropriate system for the majority of communities appears to be incineration of the refuse, with recovery of the energy from the burning of organic materials. 参考译文：对于大多数社区而言,适当的系统看来还是垃圾焚烧法,从有机物的燃烧之中获得再生能量。（2）The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-shin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.参考译文：早期的高层建筑物是以钢框架结构开始发展起来的。其后钢筯混凝土和薄壳筒体体系结构一直是颇具经济性和竞争力地用到了大量的商用建筑和住宅建筑之中。遍及美国的从五十层楼到110层楼的高层建筑的建设就是这种新体系结构的革新和发展的结果。（3）Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.参考译文：高度越大，就越需要加大柱和梁的尺寸，使建筑物更稳固，这样在风力载荷的作用下，建筑物的摆动才不会超过可允许的极限值。过度的侧向摆动可能会频繁地造成隔墙、天花板和其他建筑构件严重损坏。此外，过度的摆动，会让建筑物的居住人因感觉到这种摆动而惶恐不安。钢筯混凝土结构体系以及钢结构体系充分利用整个建筑物所固有的潜在硬度，因此不需要增加硬度来限制这种摆动。（4）In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.参考译文：例如，钢结构造价的节约措施可以根据建筑物平均每平方英尺地板面积所用的钢材量来制定。图1中的曲线A表示随着层数增加时平均每个惯用的框架的重量。曲线B代表在框架不受侧部负荷时的平均每个框架用钢材的重量。上下边界之间的间距表示对于传统的柱梁框架而言，由于增加高度而需要额外增加的钢材用量，结构工程师们已经提出了着眼于减少这个额外费用的结构体系。（5）Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.参考译文：钢体系：钢结构高层建筑是几种类型的技术革新发展的结果。这些革新既已经用于办公楼，也已经用于住宅建筑。（6）Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.参考译文：钢性带式桁架框架：为了把框架结构的外柱与内部垂直桁架连在一起，可以在（高层）建筑的中间和顶部设置钢性带式桁架系统。一个优良的范例是位于Milwau-kee市的建于1974年的Wisconsin州立银行大楼。（7）Framed tube. The maximum efficiency