周六 连词 3.doc

鹏博教育 成就未来中考英语专题复习九-连词 【连词命题趋势】根据对连词部分全国各地考试题的分析可知，今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为：1、 并列连词的用法2、 从属连词的用法3、 相似连词的辨析【考点诠释】一、考查表示转折对比关系的并列连词这类并列句常用并列连词but （但是），yet (可是)，while(而，另一方面)等连接前后简单句，but常译为但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。1but(但是，可是，而，却) 连接两个并列句，有时句中某些词可以省略；连接两个并列成分，可以放在一个句子的句首，后面不接逗号。【考例】1.Would you like to come to my house for dinner tonight?Id love to，_I have lots of work to do北京市A so B or C and Dbut2.It was very cold and windy, _ those farmers were working hard on the farm.吉林省A. and B. or C. but D. so 二、考查表示因果关系的并列连词 这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。1for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两个简单句。由并列连词for引导的分句只能置于句末，而且必须用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。2 so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而so是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因)+so+简单句(结果)。【考例】1.I have been trying my best to study English _I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics. 太原市A, until B. because C. though2. Ricky caught a bad cold yesterday, _ he had to stay at home. 南京A. because B. but C. or D. so三、考查表示选择关系的并列连词 这类并列句常用并列连词or （或者，否则)，eitheror(或是或是；不是就是)等连接前后简单句。 or连接并列成分时，意为“或者，还是”；用于否定句中，意为“也不”，这时不宜用and；还有“否则，要不然”之意，相当于otherwise。【考例】1.Tom ,keep away from the fire,_ you will get burnt. 河南省A. and B. so C. or D. but【考例】2.Study hard, _ youll pass the exam. 长沙市A. or B. and C. but答案B。解析 考查并列连词。or表示选择，and表示并列，but表示转折。六、考查从属连词1、对连接同等的词、词组或分句的and, but, or, for, neithernor, eitheror, bothand, not onlybut also等并列连词的考查。2、对引导名词性从句或状语从句的when、if、that、because、until、although等从属连词基本用法的考查。3、几组容易混淆的连词或词组。We have been good friends _we joined the same ping-pong team. A. after B. before C. since D. untilNone of the shoes in the shop fit me well. They are _too big_ too small. A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. not only; but alsoPlease take the medicine three times a day, _ it wont work well. A. and B. but C. or D. soHurry up, Jack. We have to get to the station before 11:45 _ we can catch the 12:00 train. A. since B. after C. as soon as D. so that I hear a new film is on these days. Shall we go to the cinema together, Lucy and Lily?_Lily_ I will go with you because one of us must be at home to help our father in the garden.A. Either, nor B. Either, or C. Neither, nor D. Both, and【语法回顾】连词 4. 连词的功能用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。5. 并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：(1)表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。(2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but, while等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。6. 从属连词从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1) 引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2) (2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。7. 常用连词的用法辨析（1） while, when, as这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。1) 当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.我沿着街道走时，注意到一辆警车。2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.当母亲做午饭时，我正在做作业。3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.随着孩子的长大，他们越来越多对周围的事情感兴趣。4) 当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边一边”时，最常用as。例如：She looked behind from time to time as she went.她边走边不时地朝后面看。5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：When he finished his work, he took a short rest.当他完成工作后，他进行了短暂的休息。6) 当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：When John arrived I was cooking lunch.当约翰到达时，我正在做饭。（2）as, because, since , for这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：I stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨，所以我呆在家里。-Why arent you going? 为什么你不走？-Because I dont want to.因为我不想去。2) 如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As he wasnt ready, we left without him.由于他没有准备，我们没有带他。Since I have no money, I cant buy any food.既然我没有钱，我不能卖任何食物。3) for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：I decided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling quite hungry.（3）if, whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.I dont know whether (if) he likes that film.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：1) 引导主语从句时。例如：Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 2) 引导表语从句时。例如：The question is whether I can pass the exam.3) 在不定式前。例如：I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.（4）sothat, such.that1) sothat中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such.that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.我很累，因此不想再走了。It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气，以至于他去游泳。2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时，用so,不用such。例如：He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。（5）eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：Either you or he is wrong.Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。（6）although,与but；because与 so不能同时用于同一个句子中。例如：尽管他已是六十多岁，但他和其他工作一样努力。这个句子应改为： Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others. 或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.(1) because、as、since、for的用法：because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面；另外,回答why的问句只能用because. as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.（他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害）As all of you have got here, now, lets go to the zoo.（既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧）I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00.(2)if、whether的区别：表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句；而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如：I dont know if/whether he will arrive on time.I will ring you up if he arrives on time. 注意下列情况只能用whether不能用if：引导主语从句,引导表语从句,引导从句作介词宾语,引导不定式短语,引导让步状语从句,在动词discuss之后,在wonder / not sure之后,在if与whether含义易混时。如：Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.(引导主语从句) Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(作动词的宾语) Hainan is the place to be, whether its summer or winter.(引导让步状语从句)Please let me know whether you need my help.(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)(3)while、when、as的用法区别：while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的；when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生；as与上两词同义,可替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边一边”。如：Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.Ill go home when I have finished my job.They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(4)till/until与nottill/until的区别：前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如：I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(stay这个动作一直进行到你return) They wont go on working until they get what they think is reasonable. 另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.（我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟）Not until he had finished his work did he go home.（倒装句）(5)though与although的区别：两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though； though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如：He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.she wont leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(6)prefer torather than与preferto的区别：prefer torather than后面都是用动词原形,preferto都是用动名词或名词。如：I prefer English to Japanese.I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. 并列句的分类：1. 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可不译出来。例如： He likes playing football and he plays well. Last year l met Kate and we became friends. 2. 表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如： It has no mouth, but it can talk. 。 He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. Its raining hard, however, we must go out. 3. 表示选择关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。or有两重含义： (1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如： Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，表示条件。例如： You must tell the truth，or you will be punished 4. 表示因果关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。(2) so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例 如： Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead5. 其他形式的并列句(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如： Use your head, and you will find away动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如： Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。(3)“either.or”结构表示“不是就是”，“或者或者”，例如： Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.(4) “not onlybut also”意思为“不仅而且”，例如：not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.(5) “neithernor”结构，意为“既不也不”，“两者都不”，用法与either or,not only but also相同。三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况1. 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如：We fished all day; we didnt catch a fish.2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：He is not a student, nor am I. Beibei can swim, so can I. 【语法过关】1.How did you try to get to school on time _ you missed the school bus, Mary? A. when B. if C. once D. that 2.-Im going to the supermarket. -Will you get me some chocolates _ you are there, mum? A. since B. because C. if D. while 3.Never give up, _ youll make it. A. and B. but C. or D. yet 4.Her grandparents are still in good health_ they are over eighty. A. though B. as soon as C. until D. because 5. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. and B. so C. as D. but6. When I got the news that the ship would sink, I was _ frightened_ my legs couldnt move forward. A. so; that B. very; that C. too; that D. too; to 7. I wont believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words _I have tested him myself. A. after B. when C. If D. until 8.Be careful , _ you will fall off the tree. A. so B. or C. but D. and 9. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, _ he cant understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills. A. so B. or C. but D. for 10-I dont like chicken _ fish.-I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much.A. and； and B. and； but C. or； butD. or；and11. -Do you like playing tennis?-No， _ I like sportsI play football every SundayAand B. but Cso D. or12. _ it snowed heavily yesterday, nobody in our class missed the lessonAThough BBecause CUnless DSince 13.A tourist will easily lose his way in Beijing _ he has a map or a guide.A. if B. because C. unless D. When 14.He met many problems _ he was going over his lessons .A. before B. as soon as C. since D. while 15. We have been good friends _ we joined the same ping-pong team.A. after B. before C. since D. until 16. My brother is going to look for another job_the company offers him more moneyA. after B.when C unless Dbesides根据句意和首字母提示，补全各小题单词。 17. Please give me a hand. Im not tall e_ to reach the book on the top of the bookshelf. 18. We must f_ the teachers instructions when we are in the lab. 19. He has some t_ understanding what his teacher says because of his poor English. 20. It is usually very hot in June, but s_ it can be cool. 21. Dont distu