从句打印.doc

主语从句复合句中作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有连词、连接代词、连接副词。从属连词：that，whether。连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,whoever,what,whatever,whichever。连接副词：where,how,why,when。一、连接词的选用1. 由what和that引导的主语从句what和that都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外,还在主语从句中充当某些成分(主语、宾语或表语)。而that在主语从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接词的作用。例如:What he wants is a new bicycle. 2. 由whether引导的主语从句含有是否意思的主语从句,连接词不能用if,只能用whether。例如:Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain. 3. 由其他连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句who, which, when, where, why, how等连接代词和连接副词既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。例如:Who she is doesnt concern me. Where I spend my summer holiday is no business of yours. Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 4. whatever / whoever的用法（ever=no matter -让步状语从句中）whatever / whoever可以引导主语从句,并在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,不含疑问意义。whatever相当于anything that; whoever 相当于anyone who。例如:Whoever(Anyone who) wants to enter into this school must take the exam. Whatever(Anything that) she did was right. Whoever（No matter who）wants to enter into this school, he must take the exam. 二、形式主语it构成的主语从句1. 由连词that引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下可以用形式主语it代替,即将it放在句首,而将主语从句放在句末,以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. 物体在水中比在空气中轻,这是大家共有的经验。需要注意的是,it作形式主语时,要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较:It was reported that no country was under the terrorist attack last year. As was reported, no country was under the terrorist attack last year. 句意:据报道,去年没有国家遭到恐怖分子的袭击。分析:上述两个句子句意相同,但结构不同。前一个句子包括一个主语从句that no country was under the terrorist attack last year；后一个句子包括一个非限定性定语从句As was reported,其中as指代整个主句内容。2. 由连接代词、连接副词和连词whether引起的主语从句常可用先行词it作主语,而把主语从句放到后面去。例如:How many people we are to invite is still a question. It is still a question how many people we are to invite. 我们要邀请多少人还是一个问题。When we arrive doesnt matter. It doesnt matter when we arrive. Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 这对我们有害还是有利还得看一看。3. 常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构It is a fact (a pity / no wonder / a good idea / a shame .)that .例如:Its a pity that you didnt come to my birthday party. 你没有来参加我的生日派对真是太遗憾了。It is important(necessary / advisable / desirable / imperative / true / strange / possible .)that .需要注意的是,这类主语从句中,谓语动词很多为(should)动词原形,即要用虚拟语气。例如:It is necessary that several nurses (should) stay. 几个护士留在这儿是很有必要的。It is imperative that everyone (should) learn from practice. 每个人都应该从实践中学习。It is reported (well-known / hoped / thought / expected / said / believed / decided / suggested / ordered .)that .例如:It is said that many people was killed in the earthquake. 据说很多人在这次地震中丧生了。It seems(appears / doesnt matter / makes no difference / .)that .例如:It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. 他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。三、主语从句中的否定前移当用it作形式主语,而将主语从句放在句尾时,主语从句中的否定词常要前移至主句中。例如:It doesnt seem that they are from the same university. It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 四、主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。 （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. （7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time. （9）What we need are good doctors. 小结: （1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)连词位于句首不能省略 补充主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。 一主语从句 主语从句 定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 二：宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征： 1、引导词：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere 2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。 如：I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。 (1)表达时间的几个句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave? 由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时： What time does the train leave? (2)时间的表达方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes) (3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重： You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点 I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序：限-描-大-形-年-颜-籍-物-类+名词： this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句 表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语定义：主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句2 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。造句：原因是他上学迟到了 The reason was that he was late for school.(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：1. He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。2. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。造句： 1. 关键是我们是否能解决问题。The key is whether we can solve the problem.2. 看起来好像要下雨。It looked as if it was going to rain.注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 造句：听起来好像有人在敲门。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 造句： 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The problem is who we can get to replace her.我想问的是谁离开了。 My question is who left. (4) 连接副词 where, when, how, why。What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。造句：这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。 That is why he didnt come here. 造句：问题是他是如何做此事的。The question is how he did it.(5) 连词because可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。造句：这是仅仅因为他不认识她。 Its just because he doesnt know her. Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。(Thats because.强调原因) Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。 (Thats why.强调结果) (6) 解释：2在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。注意A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. Dthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。 基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。 (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语) The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略) That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) 系动词分类：一、根据系动词后所跟结构，我们可以把英语系动词分为两大类：完全系动词（其后只能跟表语的动词，如be, seem）和半系动词（其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look） 例如：1） He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”，实义动词用法) He looks a clever boy .（“看起来”，系动词用法） 2） He looks at a clever boy.（“看着”，实义动词用法）在英语中，某一动词是多义词，既有实义动词用法，又有系动词用法。二、根据系动词的意义，我们把英语系动词分为四类：A五大感官系动词 B状态系动词C动态系动词 D双谓语系动词A五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。1look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。 The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。2smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。3sound“听起来”，后接adj.分词。 The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。4taste“尝起来”，后接adj.分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。5Feel “摸起来，给感觉”；“觉得”，后接adj./p.p. You will feel better after a nights sleep. 睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。B状态系动词：1be，“是”，属完全系动词。 I am a student. 我是一个学生。2seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。 They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。3appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。 It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。4keep, “保持的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。 Youd better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5remain,“仍是”，半系动词。 I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。6stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。 The window stayed open all the ve “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。C动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。1get“变成，变得起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。2fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat. The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。 My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。3grow“渐渐变得起来，长得” Its growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。4turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。 Maple trees turn red in autumn. 枫叶在秋天变红了。 It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine. 今天早上是阴天，幸好已经转晴了。5go，“变成（某种坏的状态）” The telephone has gone dead. 电话不通了。 The material has gone a funny colour. 这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。 go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey.6become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”I became interested in drawing. 我开始对素描感兴趣了。 He became angry with me. 他对我生气了。 They became good friends. 他们成了好朋友。 7come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。His wish to become a pilot has come true. 他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。If you look into the matter, everything will come clear. 如果你调查一下这事，一切都会清楚。后面常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵），natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住），untied（松开）。8run,“变成”，后接adj. The price ran high. 价格上升了。9make，“达到某种状态后接形容词，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。D双谓语系动词 此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。The snow lay thick on the ground. 雪厚厚地堆积在地上。He married young. 他结婚很早。Lei Feng died young.雷锋早逝。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。宾语从句学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。一. 宾语从句的定义宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语作动词的宾语: I heard that he would come here later on. 主语 谓语动词 一个句子作宾语作介词的宾语: Hesaidnothing about who broke the window last night. 主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词一个句子作介词的宾语二.宾语从句中引导词（连接词）的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。 连词：He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试.that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.Attention：宾语从句的否定转移当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she?练习题(1)I dont think he is right,_?Aisnt he Bis he Cdo I Ddont I(2). He believes she is right, _?Adoesnt he Bdoes he Cis she Disnt she(3).I thought that he disliked playing football,_?Adidnt he Bdid he Cdid I Ddidnt I(4). I find _ important that we practice English every day.A. it B. this C. that D. what(5). You cant imagine _when they received the nice gift.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were how excited在以下情况中that不能省略1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better 2、 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 3、 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。I cant tell him that his mother died. 4、当it作形式宾语时 例句：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。5、当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe6、当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时; 连接代词、连接副词与宾语从句一、宾语从句可由连接代词what , who , whom , whose , which 等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。如：1. Do you know who will come this afternoon ? (作主语) 2. Did you hear what she said ? （作宾语） 3. I dont know whose that is . （作表语）4. Could you tell me which gate we have to go to ? （作定语） 二、宾语从句可由连接副词when , where , how , why 等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。如：1. Can you tell me how I get to the post office ? 2. We didnt know when she would come back .三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I dont know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? 四.宾语从句的时态 1、 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 2、 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time. 3、 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 宾语从句的简化一、当主句的谓语动词的hope , agree , wish , choose , decide , promise等，后带宾语从句，且主从句主语相同时，可以简化成一定式结构作宾语。例如： 1. We hope that we shall see you soon .We hope to see you soon . 2. She agreed that she would help me with my English .She agreed to help me with my English . 二、当主句谓语动词的know , learn , forget , remember 等词时，后面带的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构，此时，主从句也须一致。例如： 1. I really dont know what I should do next . I really dont know what to do next . 2. She didnt know whether she should go or not . She didnt know whether to go or not . 3. I have forgotten how I can open the door .I have forgotten how to open the door . 三、当主句谓语动词是ask , tell , show , teach , want , 等，后面带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转化成“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如： 1. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office ? Could you tell me how to get to the post office ? 2. Please tell me where I can find him . Please tell me where to find him .但是，如果间接宾语和从句的主语不一致，一般不要把宾语从句简化，否则会产生歧义。例如：He didnt tell me where he would go . He didnt tell me where to go . 简化的句子涵义可能有以下两种：“他没有告诉我他将去什么地方。”或“他没有告诉我将去什么地方。” 四、当主句的谓语动词是order (命令) , require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可转化成“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once . The headmaster ordered us to start at once . 五、除了以上用不定式简化宾语从句这外，也可以采用另外一些结构。例如1. He insisted (坚持) that he should go with us . He insisted on going with us . 2. We found that the box was very heavy .We found the box very heavy . 特殊疑问句变宾语从句五注意一、在引导词上，要将疑问代词或疑问副词变为连接代词或连接副词，引导宾从句。如： Whose bike is this ? Does anybody know ? Does anybody know whose bike this is ? 二、宾语从句的时态与主句的时态保持一致。如： When the train will arrive ? He asked me . He asked me when the train would arrive .三、在语序上，要将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。如： Which one do you like best ? She asked me . She asked me which one I liked best .注意 疑问句中主语之前的助动词若是do / does / did , 变为宾语从句时，要先将其去掉，谓语时词再根据时态作相应的变化。四、特殊疑问句词在句中作主语，变为宾语从句时语序不变（时态应作相应变化）。如： Who can answer the question ? The teacher asked . The teacher asked who could answer the question .五、特殊疑问句变为宾语从句后，用问号还是用句号完全取决于主句