《茶之书》中英文对照 I 仁者之饮(徐恒迦译).doc

The Book of Tea茶之书by Kakuzo Okakura冈仓天心（日）I. The Cup of Humanity 仁者之饮Tea began as a medicine and grew into a beverage. In China, in the eighth century, it entered the realm of poetry as one of the polite amusements. The fifteenth century saw Japan ennoble it into a religion of aestheticism-Teaism. Teaism is a cult founded on the adoration of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday existence. It inculcates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual charity, the romanticism of the social order. It is essentially a worship of the Imperfect, as it is a tender attempt to accomplish something possible in this impossible thing we know as life.茶，始于药，而后为饮。在八世纪的中国，茶就作为一桩雅事而进入一个诗意王国。而日本则在十五世纪将其尊崇为一种美的宗教茶道。茶道，是在日常染污之间，因由对美的倾慕而建立起来的心灵仪式。茶道教人纯净和谐，理解互爱的奥义，并从社会秩序中开发出浪漫情怀。它是一种温柔的尝试，试图在我们所知的生命无穷尽的不可能中，来成就那些微小的可能，因而本质上是对不完美的崇拜。 The Philosophy of Tea is not mere aestheticism in the ordinary acceptance of the term, for it expresses conjointly with ethics and religion our whole point of view about man and nature. It is hygiene, for it enforces cleanliness; it is economics, for it shows comfort in simplicity rather than in the complex and costly; it is moral geometry, inasmuch as it defines our sense of proportion to the universe. It represents the true spirit of Eastern democracy by making all its votaries aristocrats in taste.茶之哲学，并非像我们通常对此理解的那般仅是一种唯美的趣味，它同时融合伦理与宗教，表达了我们对于人类与自然的全部见解。茶是保健学，因它强调洁净；茶是经济学，因它显示了朴素中的舒适而非繁复昂贵的乐趣；茶是精神的几何学，因它定义了我们对于宇宙自然的分寸感。它使它的信仰者成为精神上的贵族，故而代表了东方民主的精髓。The long isolation of Japan from the rest of the world, so conducive to introspection, has been highly favourable to the development of Teaism. Our home and habits, costume and cuisine, porcelain, lacquer, painting- our very literature-all have been subject to its influence. No student of Japanese culture could ever ignore its presence. It has permeated the elegance of noble boudoirs, and entered the abode of the humble. Our peasants have learned to arrange flowers, our meanest labourer to offer his salutation to the rocks and waters. In our common parlance we speak of the man with no tea in him, when he is insusceptible to the seriocomic interests of the personal drama. Again we stigmatise the untamed aesthete who, regardless of the mundane tragedy, runs riot in the springtide of emancipated emotions, as one with too much tea in him.长期的与世隔离，使日本民族崇尚内省，这对于茶道的发展极为有利。日本的起居习俗，服饰饮食，瓷漆两器，绘画艺术，乃至日本文学，无一不受茶道影响，任何日本文化的研习者皆不会忽略它的存在。它既存于金闺雅阁，又遍于市井民巷。山野农夫因之学会侍弄芳华，最粗鄙的劳工也会表达对山岩流水的敬意。倘若有人对这庄谐参半的人生之戏心无所动，那么我们会将其称之为“心中无茶”；同样倘若有人无视世间疾苦，沉湎于信马由缰的不羁情绪，我们则称这类放浪形骸的唯美主义者“茶气太重”。The outsider may indeed wonder at this seeming much ado about nothing. What a tempest in a tea-cup! he will say. But when we consider how small after all the cup of human enjoyment is, how soon overflowed with tears, how easily drained to the dregs in our quenchless thirst for infinity, we shall not blame ourselves for making so much of the tea-cup. Mankind has done worse. In the worship of Bacchus, we have sacrificed too freely; and we have even transfigured the gory image of Mars. Why not consecrate ourselves to the queen of the Camellias, and revel in the warm stream of sympathy that flows from her altar? In the liquid amber within the ivory-porcelain, the initiated may touch the sweet reticence of Confucius, the piquancy of Laotse, and the ethereal aroma of Sakyamuni himself.圈外人可能无法真正理解这看似小题大做的游戏。他会说：小茶杯中能有如此大境界1？但当我们在杯盏享尽之后，了知人类的欢愉何其渺小，眼泪的涌溢何其迅速，将无限的不熄渴望饮干喝尽，只残留些时光的渣滓又何其容易，我们就不会责备自己沉湎其中了。人类不是已经做得更糟了么？对酒神巴克斯的崇拜，使我们献出太多的祭品；对战神玛尔斯的景仰，让我们抹去了他身上的斑斑血迹。那何妨伏身于茶之仙女的裙裾之下，陶醉于她甘露瓶中涓涓而出的仁爱暖流呢？从象牙白瓷杯内的琥珀色琼浆里，茶道的门徒或可一品孔子的温雅含蓄，老庄的辛辣快意，还有佛陀的缥缈芬芳。Those who cannot feel the littleness of great things in themselves are apt to overlook the greatness of little things in others. The average Westerner, in his sleek complacency, will see in the tea ceremony but another instance of the thousand and one oddities which constitute the quaintness and childishness of the East to him. He was wont to regard Japan as barbarous while she indulged in the gentle arts of peace: he calls her civilised since she began to commit wholesale slaughter on Manchurian battlefields. Much comment has been given lately to the Code of the Samurai, -the Art of Death which makes our soldiers exult in self- sacrifice; but scarcely any attention has been drawn to Teaism, which represents so much of our Art of Life. Fain would we remain barbarians, if our claim to civilisation were to be based on the gruesome glory of war. Fain would we await the time when due respect shall be paid to our art and ideals.人们如果无法觉知自身伟大中的渺小，那便容易忽略他人渺小中的伟大。一般志得意满的西方人总认为，茶道仪式不过是东方人一千零一种怪行之一，而这些怪行构建了他们眼里诡异幼稚的东方。当日本沉浸于安宁温柔的艺术中时，他们习惯于将其称之为蛮夷之国；而当日本开始在满洲战场上大肆杀戮2时，他们则称之为文明之邦。近来西方盛行关于“武士道”的评论我们的战士对天皇效忠自尽的“死的艺术”，却鲜有评论关乎茶道，关乎这“生的艺术”。如果我们所认领的文明基于可憎的战争的荣耀，那么我们就继续当我们的野蛮人吧。我们的艺术与理想终会得到应有的尊重，我们将欣然等待那一天的到来。When will the West understand, or try to understand, the East? We Asiatics are often appalled by the curious web of facts and fancies which has been woven concerning us. We are pictured as living on the perfume of the lotus, if not on mice and cockroaches. It is either impotent fanaticism or else abject voluptuousness. Indian spirituality has been derided as ignorance, Chinese sobriety as stupidity, Japanese patriotism as the result of fatalism. It has been said that we are less sensible to pain and wounds on account of the callousness of our nervous organisation!西方，将于何时理解或试图理解东方？那张由事实与幻想织就的好奇之网，常常令我们亚洲人惊骇不已。我们要么以老鼠蟑螂为食，要么吸食莲花香气过活；要么无能狂热，要么卑劣淫逸。印度式的灵性被嘲笑为无知，中国式的节制被认为是愚蠢，日本式的爱国被当作是宿命论。甚至有这样一种说法，因为我们神经组织迟钝，所以才对痛楚和伤口麻木不敏感！Why not amuse yourselves at our expense? Asia returns the compliment. There would be further food for merriment if you were to know all that we have imagined and written about you. All the glamour of the perspective is there, all the unconscious homage of wonder, all the silent resentment of the new and undefined. You have been loaded with virtues too refined to be envied, and accused of crimes too picturesque to be condemned. Our writers in the past-the wise men who knew-informed us that you had bushy tails somewhere hidden in your garments, and often dined off a fricassee of newborn babes! Nay, we had something worse against you: we used to think you the most impracticable people on the earth, for you were said to preach what you never practiced. 是啊，为何不拿我们取乐呢？亚洲也会以礼还礼呀。要是你们知道我们如何想象和描述你们，娱乐的素材就更多了。所有因视角不同而产生的光华，所有对奇迹不经意流露出来的敬意，以及所有对新生的未知事物的沉默敌意，我们都会将其附着在你们身上。你们的美德光芒四射，无法艳羡；你们的罪行优美动人，无可指责。过去我们博学的智者曾写道，你们的楚楚衣冠之下，藏着一条茸毛尾巴，你们还将新生婴孩炖汤而食！不仅如此，关于你们还有更恶劣的说法：我们一直认为，你们是世界上最言行不一的人，因为你们宣讲教义，自己却从不实行。Such misconceptions are fast vanishing amongst us. Commerce has forced the European tongues on many an Eastern port. Asiatic youths are flocking to Western colleges for the equipment of modern education. Our insight does not penetrate your culture deeply, but at least we are willing to learn. Some of my compatriots have adopted too much of your customs and too much of your etiquette, in the delusion that the acquisition of stiff collars and tall silk hats comprised the attainment of your civilisation. Pathetic and deplorable as such affectations are, they evince our willingness to approach the West on our knees. Unfortunately the Western attitude is unfavourable to the understanding of the East. The Christian missionary goes to impart, but not to receive. Your information is based on the meagre translations of our immense literature, if not on the unreliable anecdotes of passing travellers. It is rarely that the chivalrous pen of a Lafcadio Hearn or that of the author of The Web of Indian Life enlivens the Oriental darkness with the torch of our own sentiments.误解很快便在我们中间得以澄清。商贸往来迫使欧洲各国语言在东方的港口流传。亚洲青年学子涌入西方大学以接受现代教育。我们虽未彻悟你们文化的深层核心，但至少我们愿意去学习。我的某些同胞已受你们风俗礼仪的过分同化，以为拥有硬领衫和高丝帽便是拥有了西方文明，如此装模作样真是可怜可悲可叹。他们卑躬屈膝地表明了向西方靠拢的愿望。不幸的是，西方对东方的态度仍未转变。传教士来到东方，向东方传播文化，而非接收东方文化。你们对东方的了解，仅仅来自我们浩如烟海的文献中一些粗拙的翻译，甚或来自旅行者那些浮光掠影般的趣闻轶事。像拉夫卡迪奥赫恩3，或印度生活之网4的作者那样，用正义之笔唤起我们情感之炬照亮东方暗夜的，真是少之又少。Perhaps I betray my own ignorance of the Tea Cult by being so outspoken. Its very spirit of politeness exacts that you say what you are expected to say, and no more. But I am not to be a polite Teaist. So much harm has been done already by the mutual misunderstanding of the New World and the Old, that one need not apologise for contributing his tithe to the furtherance of a better understanding. The beginning of the twentieth century would have been spared the spectacle of sanguinary warfare if Russia had condescended to know Japan better. What dire consequences to humanity lie in the contemptuous ignoring of Eastern problems! European imperialism, which does not disdain to raise the absurd cry of the Yellow Peril, fails to realise that Asia may also awaken to the cruel sense of the White Disaster. You may laugh at us for having too much tea, but may we not suspect that you of the West have no tea in your constitution?或许我的多言泄露了我对茶的无知，言所应言才是礼仪之道。但我不想做一名知礼的茶者。新旧两世界的诸多误解已造成了巨大伤害，挺身为促进双方理解而稍尽绵薄之力又有何失礼。倘若俄国愿屈尊尝试理解日本，那在这二十世纪之始就没有这血腥的战事场景5。对东方问题的轻蔑忽视，让人类付出了多少惨痛的代价！欧洲的帝国主义列强，从不耻于将“黄祸”6的谬称强加给亚洲，却仍未意识到亚洲也可能从“白灾”的残酷中苏醒。你们或许会嘲笑我们“茶气太重”，但难道我们就不怀疑你们西方人“心中无茶”？Let us stop the continents from hurling epigrams at each other, and be sadder if not wiser by the mutual gain of half a hemisphere. We have developed along different lines, but there is no reason why one should not supplement the other. You have gained expansion at the cost of restlessness; we have created a harmony which is weak against aggression. Will you believe it?-the East is better off in some respects than the West! 还是让我们停止大陆间彼此的谩骂与讽刺吧。各自占据地球的一边，即便不能变得更明智，也应更宽容相待。我们依循不同的道路发展，却仍可相互增益补充。你们以内心安宁为代价，来换取地盘的扩张；我们面对侵略虽然弱势，却营造出一派祥和。你们相信吗，在某些方面东方确实比西方更为优越！Strangely enough humanity has so far met in the tea-cup. It is the only Asiatic ceremonial which commands universal esteem. The white man has scoffed at our religion and our morals, but has accepted the brown beverage without hesitation. The afternoon tea is now an important function in Western society. In the delicate clatter of trays and saucers, in the soft rustle of feminine hospitality, in the common catechism about cream and sugar, we know that the Worship of Tea is established beyond question. The philosophic resignation of the guest to the fate awaiting him in the dubious decoction proclaims that in this single instance the Oriental spirit reigns supreme.奇妙的是，人性在茶杯里交融了。茶道成为了唯一博得普遍尊重的亚洲仪式。白种人曾嘲笑我们的宗教与道德伦理，却毫不犹豫地接受了这琥珀色的浆液。下午茶成了西方社会里的一项重要内容。在深盏浅碟的轻声碰撞中，在好客的女主人衣裙的窸窣作响里，在有关糖奶的寻常对答间，对茶的崇拜已经毋庸置疑地确立起来了。在这来路不明的液体中，宾客在哲学意义上对其命运的顺从，仅此就已表明了在此刻，东方精神至高无上。The earliest record of tea in European writing is said to be found in the statement of an Arabian traveller, that after the year 879 the main sources of revenue in Canton were the duties on salt and tea. Marco Polo records the deposition of a Chinese minister of finance in 1285 for his arbitrary augmentation of the tea-taxes. It was at the period of the great discoveries that the European people began to know more about the extreme Orient. At the end of the sixteenth century the Hollanders brought the news that a pleasant drink was made in the East from the leaves of a bush. The travellers Giovanni Batista Ramusio (1559), L. Almeida (1576), Maffeno (1588), Tareira (1610), also mentioned tea. In the last-named year ships of the Dutch East India Company brought the first tea into Europe. It was known in France in 1636, and reached Russia in 1638. England welcomed it in 1650 and spoke of it as That excellent and by all physicians approved China drink, called by the Chinese Tcha, and by other nations Tay, alias Tee.欧洲关于茶最早的记载，据说来自一个阿拉伯旅人的描述。记载中说，公元879年以后，盐税和茶税已是广东经济收入的主要来源。而马可波罗在游记中也写道，1285年时曾有一名中国财政大臣，由于擅自增加茶赋而被罢了官。欧洲人开始对远东有更多的认识，是在地理大发现时期。在十六世纪末，荷兰人带回这样的消息：在东方，人们用一种灌木的树叶制成了非常好喝的饮料。乔凡尼巴蒂斯塔赖麦锡(1559)7、阿尔梅达(1576)8、马斐诺(1588)、塔雷拉(1610)等旅行家也在各自的旅行笔记中提到了茶。91610年，荷兰东印度公司的船首度将茶带到了欧洲。于是，法国人在1636年闻到了茶香，俄国人也在1638年品到了茶。英国人是在1650年迎接茶的到来的，他们这样评论它：“这中国饮料美妙绝伦，医生们也极度认可。它的名字在中国叫做茶（Tcha），其它国家叫它Tay，或者Tee。”Like all good things of the world, the propaganda of Tea met with opposition. Heretics like Henry Saville (1678) denounced drinking it as a filthy custom. Jonas Hanway (Essay on Tea, 1756) said that men seemed to lose their stature and comeliness, women their beauty through the use of tea. Its cost at the start (about fifteen or sixteen shillings a pound) forbade popular consumption, and made it regalia for high treatments and entertainments, presents being made thereof to princes and grandees. Yet in spite of such drawbacks tea-drinking spread with marvellous rapidity. The coffee-houses of London in the early half of the eighteenth century became, in fact, tea-houses, the resort of wits like Addison and Steele, who beguiled themselves over their dish of tea. The beverage soon became a necessity of life-a taxable matter. We are reminded in this connection what an important part it plays in modern history. Colonial America resigned herself to oppression until human endurance gave way before the heavy duties laid on Tea. American independence dates from the throwing of tea-chests into Boston harbour.正如世界上所有美好的事物一样，茶的传播遭遇了反对之音。如反对者亨利萨威尔(1678)斥责饮茶是肮脏的习俗。乔纳斯汉威10在论茶(1756)中说，男人饮茶会丧失身材威仪，女人饮茶则容颜尽失。在初期，茶的不菲价格（一磅约十五或十六先令）让平民百姓根本消费不起，而成为“王权贵族特殊待遇和消遣的标志，成为馈赠那些王族大公的礼物”。尽管如此，饮茶的风尚还是以惊人的速度传播开来。在十八世纪前叶，伦敦的咖啡馆事实上成为了茶馆，像艾迪生11和斯蒂尔12这样的风雅之士也沉醉于这些咖啡馆的茶香之中。不久之后，茶便发展成生活中的必需品，成了税赋的对象。这让我们想到，茶税在世界近代史上扮演了多么重要的角色。当英国人向美国殖民地征收更高的茶赋时，殖民地人民终于按捺不住，决定揭竿而起。要知道，美国独立战争始于波士顿倾茶事件。There is a subtle charm in the taste of tea which makes it irresistible and capable of idealisation. Western humourists were not slow to mingle the fragrance of their thought with its aroma. It has not the arrogance of wine, the self- consciousness of coffee, nor the simpering innocence of cocoa. Already in 1711, says the Spectator: I would therefore in a particular manner recommend these my speculations to all well-regulated families that set apart an hour every morning for tea, bread and butter; and would earnestly advise them for their good to order this paper to be punctually served up and to be looked upon as a part of the tea equipage. Samuel Johnson draws his own portrait as a hardened and shameless tea drinker, who for twenty years diluted his meals with only the infusion of the fascinating plant; who with tea amused the evening, with tea solaced the midnight, and with tea welcomed the morning.茶的滋味拥有一种微妙的魔力，令人无法抗拒，并被覆上一层理想之光。西方的幽默作家们13毫不耽搁，迅速地将茶的芬芳，融入了他们思维的灵光之中。茶既无酒的傲慢自负，又无咖啡的清高自我，也没有可可那种傻呵呵的天真。早在1711年，英国旁观者报就描述道：“在此，我向所有治理有方的家庭郑重推荐，每天早晨留一小时享用一顿有茶与面包黄油的丰盛早餐，并热心地建议您请准时订阅本刊，以便在饮茶时配读。”14萨谬尔约翰逊15曾将自己描述为“一个根深蒂固的无耻茶客，20年来只靠这种奇妙植物的浆液佐餐而食；以茶消磨黄昏，以茶慰藉长夜，以茶迎接黎明。”Charles Lamb, a professed devotee, sounded the true note of Teaism when he wrote that the greatest pleasure he knew was to do a good action by stealth, and to have it found out by accident. For Teaism is the art of concealing beauty that you may discover it, of suggesting what you dare not reveal. It is the noble secret of laughing at yourself, calmly yet thoroughly, and is thus humour itself,-the smile of philosophy. All genuine humourists may in this sense be called tea-philosophers,- Thackeray, for instance, and of course, Shakespeare. The poets of the Decadence (when was not the world in decadence?), in their protests against materialism, have, to a certain extent, also opened the way to Teaism. Perhaps nowadays it is our demure contemplation of the Imperfect that the West and the East can meet in mutual consolation.查尔斯兰姆16，这个公开的追随者唱响了真正的茶道之音。他写道，世上最大的愉悦是悄然做一件善事，然后让它无意间被发现。而茶道便是这样一种艺术，它隐藏美，又待人们发现，暗示美，又让你不敢明察。它是一种高贵的秘密，一种平静彻底的自嘲，它是幽默本身，是哲学的笑意。在此意义上，所有真正的幽默作家皆可称为茶哲，如萨克雷17，当然还有莎士比亚。颓废时代18（世界几时不曾颓废？）的诗作，在其对物欲世界的反对声中，某种程度上却打开了茶道之门。而现如今，茶道或许成为了我们对这不完美世界的一道谦卑凝视，让东方和西方在相互慰藉中融合。The Taoists relate that at the great beginning of the No-Beginning, Spirit and Matter met in mortal combat. At last the Yellow Emperor, the Sun of Heaven, triumphed over Shuhyung, the demon of darkness and earth. The Titan, in his death agony, struck his head against the solar vault and shivered the blue dome of jade into fragments. The stars lost their nests, the moon wandered aimlessly among the wild chasms of the night. In despair the Yellow Emperor sought far and wide for the repairer of the Heavens. He had not to search in vain. Out of the Eastern sea rose a queen, the divine Niuka, horn-crowned and dragon-tailed, resplendent in her armor of fire. She welded the five-coloured rainbow in her magic cauldron and rebuilt the Chinese sky. But it is told that Niuka forgot to fill two tiny crevices in the blue firmament. Thus began the dualism of love-two souls rolling through space and never at rest until they join together to complete the universe. Everyone has to build anew his sky of hope and peace. 道家说，自太初无始之始，灵与物有一场殊死之战。最终，天庭之日神黄帝，战胜了黑暗与大地之神祝融。祝融是个巨物，在临死前痛苦挣扎，一头撞向天宇，将碧玉制成的蓝色苍穹撞成了碎片。从此群星流离失所，月亮只能漫无目的地在暗夜荒凉的罅隙之间流连。束手无策的皇帝四处搜寻补天之人。他的苦心自然没有白费。一位女神自东海翩然而起，角冠龙尾，身披焰甲她便是女娲。女娲从神炉中炼出五彩霓虹，重新撑起了中国的天宇。但据说巨大的蓝色苍穹，她仍旧忘补了两个小小的缝隙。这样，便产生了爱的阴阳和合两个灵魂游走于天际，永不停歇，直到它们彼此结合，去构建整个宇宙。难道每个人不该打碎陈旧的自我，重建一方希望与平和的天空么19？The heaven of modern humanity is indeed shattered in the Cyclopean struggle for wealth and power. The world is groping in the shadow of egotism and vulgarity. Knowledge is bought through a bad conscience, benevolence practiced for the sake of utility. The East and the West, like two dragons tossed in a sea of ferment, in vain strive to regain the jewel of life. We need a Niuka again to repair the grand devastation; we await the great Avatar. Meanwhile, let us have a sip of tea. The afternoon glow is brightening the bamboos, the fountains are bubbling with delight, the soughing of the pines is heard in our kettle. Let us dream of evanescence, and linger in the beautiful foolishness of things.现如今，对财富与权利的竞相争夺已同古希腊神话中的独眼巨人般残酷激烈，人性的天空已土崩