定语从句复习.doc

定语从句的学习重点、难点及复习关键屏边高级中学 王喜红定语从句是高中英语学习的重点语法项目之一，也是高中英语教与学的难点，更是高考的考点。现把连续几年带领高三学生复习过程中所遇到的定语从句的重点、难点以及复习要点收集归纳整理出来，以供大家日后复习参考。 在复合句中，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句（也称形容词性从句），它所修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句跟在先行词的后面。注意：英语的定语从句总是位于所修饰的词之后，称之为后置定语。而汉语的定语从句总是位于所修饰的词之前，称之为前置定语。 * 定语从句一般由关系代词或关系副词引导 关系代词：who、 whom、 whose、 which、 that、 as 关系副词：when、 where、 why 关系代词和关系副词必须位于定语从句之首，在主句先行词之后（先行词即定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子或句子的一部分），起着连接先行词和定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当句子成分。那么做题时是选用关系代词还是关系副词？如果该定语从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就得考虑选用关系代词，来连接主从复合句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得考虑用关系副词来连接主从复合句。例：She is the girl who sings best of all. (她是唱得最好的那位女孩。-关系代词who代表主句中的先行词girl,又在从句中作主语。) I still remember the days which we spent together. (我还记得我们一起度过的日子。-关系代词which代表主句中的先行词the days ,同时又在定语从句中作spent的宾语。) Ill never forget the day when we played together. (我将永远不会忘记我们在一起游戏的那一天。-关系副词when代表主句中的先行词the day,同时又在定语从句中用作时间状语。) 一、 几个关系代词指代先行词的范围who(whom)-先行词为人 whose-先行词既可为人，也可为物 that-先行词可为人也可为物 which-先行词为物或整个句子 as-前面常有such或the same ,也可代表整个句子。 二、 That和which 都代表物时，如果在定语从句中作动词的宾语，则关系代词可以省略，并常可替换，但是：1、以下情况只能用that不能用which、先行词是指物的不定代词。如：all、much、little、everything、nothing、 something、anything等时。例：Thats all that I have seen and heard. (那就是我所看到和听到的。)、指物的先行词被不定代词all、few、little、much、every、some、no等修饰或被the only、the very、the same、the last 和just等限定词修饰时。例：Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe. (玉米并不是被传往欧洲的唯一的食物。）、先行词在定语从句中既指人又指物时例：My father talked about things and persons that he remembered. (我父亲谈起他所记得起的人和事。)、指物的先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时例：The parks are the cleanest parks that you can imagine. (这些公园都是你可以想象得出的最干净的公园。)、先行词在定语从句中充当表语时例：Our school is not the one that it used to be. (我们学校已经不是过去哪个样子了。)、主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句时例: Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? (我们上星期天用过的机器是哪台？)2、以下情况只能用which不能用that、如果句中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that,另一个最好用which例：Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. (让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说吧。-两个定语从句，前面用了that，后面不宜再用that。) 、前面紧接着有介词时例：This is the book about which we are talking now. (这就是我们正在谈论的那本书。-由于有了介词about,后面只能用which.）、在非限制性定语从句中只用which不用that例：I have lost my pen, which I like very. (我把钢笔弄丢了，我非常喜欢它。）、关系代词代表句子一部分或全部时，只用which不用that例：She is very patient to the child, which her husband seldom is. (-which 指代词先行词very patient to the child) She studies hard at school which makes her parents happy. (-which指代词前面整个句子)三、 先行词为人时，引导用that、who、whom、whose的使用情况 一般情况下先行词为人时，并在定语从句中充当主语时，引导词that、 who 可以替换，充当宾语时that、who、whom都可以相互替换，并且可以省略。但有些情况不能替换。 1、在非限制性定语从句中，先行词为人，充当主语的引导词只能用who,不能用that和whom。充当宾语的只能用whom，不能用that和who. 2、在限制性定语从句中，先行词为人，引导词充当介词的宾语，并且介词放在引导词之前时，只能用whom,即介词+whom，不能用that和who替换。 3、 whose 在定语从句中作定语后跟被修饰的名词，可指人（的）也可指物（的）。指物（的）时常可用of which 代替。例：Please show me the boy whose father died in the accident yesterday. I live in a room the window of which opens to the south. I live in a room of which the window opens to the south. I live in a room whose window opens to the south.(此句比较简洁) 四、 关系代词as在定语从句中的特殊用法 1、在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词有the same、such修饰，或先行词为the same时，关系代词常用as，即the same.as (和.一样），such.as (像.这样/那样的)，这时as的作用接近于who、which.例：I have the same book as you have. (我有一本和你一样的书.)（两本书）注意对比：Ill sing the same song that he sang last time. (我要唱他上次唱过的那首歌。)（同一首歌） I like such poems as were written by Li Bai. (我喜欢象李白写的那样的诗。)注意对比：The boy had such a clever head that he worked out the maths problem quickly .(这个男孩如此聪明，以致于他很快就算出这道数学题。) 2、在非限制性定语从句中，如果要代表整个主句的内容，关系代词用as还是 which？它们的区别如下： 、as引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，它的位置比较灵活，可放在主句前、主句后或是插在主句中间，as常译为正如，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后，与主句之间是因果关系，常译为而这、这一点，相当于and this。例：As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all. He didnt pass the English exam, which made his parents very angry. 、当非限制性定语从句的谓语为：say、know、imagine、announce、show、 report、expect、explain、give等动词的被动语态时，常用as引导。例：As was expected, he performed the task with success.、as有时也引导一个完整的定语从句。例：We are now in the same position as at the end of last summer. (我们现在的位置与去年夏天一样)。、which引导的非限制性定语从句，除了可代表整个主句的内容外，还可以代表主句中的某一部分。例：He borrowed all the magazines, which had colour pictures in them.(which代替all the magazines) She can sing this song in English, which I can not. (which代替sing this song in English)五、 关于副词when和where引导定语从句的用法与状语从句的区别 关于副词when和 where引导的定语从句修饰表示时间或地点的先行词，它们本身在定语从句中分别作时间状语或地点状语，相当于与其对应的介词+which的含义；而在状语从句中，when、where也表示时间、地点也作状语，但when、where引导的从句前没有先行词；另外，when、where引导定语从句只能放在主句先行词之后；而when、where引导的状语从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。例：Ill never forget the day when I first went to school. (定语从句, when相当于in which). When I was seven years old, I went to school.（状语从句） I went to school, when I was seven years old.（状语从句） I would like to live in a country where it never snows. (定语从句where相当于in which) I will go where I am most needed by our motherland.(状语从句)* 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句一、 介词的选择 “介词+关系代词”结构中，介词既可以是单个介词，也可以是短语介词，介词的选择可以遵循以下四种原则：1、根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词是固定搭配，构成短语动词，不能破坏其完整性。例：The panels from which the electricity is made are broad. (be made from sth.) The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. (shake hands with sb.)2、根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词是固定搭配，构成形容词短语。例：The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teacher. (be popular with)3、根据定语从句中所修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间（time、 hour、day、month、year、century等），地点（spot、place、house、school、 station等），原因（reason）,方法(way),工具（pencil、telescope、camera 、 plane、rocket、train、bike等）等词，它们与介词之间有一定联系，当“介词+关系代词”在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用when、 where、why替换。例：Ill never forget the day on which (=when) I joined the Party.4、根据句子的意思确定介词，有些句子先行词完全一样，定语从中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成。这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。例：This is the doctor for whom I bought a camera. (意思是：I bought a camera for the doctor.) This is the doctor with whom my brother has worked for 10 years. (意思是：My brother has worked with the doctor for 10 years.) This is the doctor by whom my son was saved. (意思是：My son was saved by the doctor.)二、介词的位置介词和关系代词的前后位置，有下面三种情况:1、介词在关系代词前后均可 在口语中，介词远远被放在后面，即放在动词短语的末尾，而在书面语中，它一般放在关系代词的前面。例：He has made a mistake which I feel sorry for.(口语) He has made a mistake for which I feel sorry.(书面语)2、介词放在关系代词前 如果介词表示 a)时间、b)方式、c)与whom及一双宾动词一起用时，都放在代词前。例：a)、I shall never forget the day on which we got married. b)、I dont know the difficulty with which you have studied English. c)、I waited for a replay from the man to whom I had sent a telegram. (I had sent(双宾动词)the man a telegram)3、介词放在关系代词后 在下列九种情况下，介词应置于关系代词后面，即放在短语动词末尾。、介词明显是动词短语的一部分例：The child (which) she looked after was ten.、介词表示地点或方向例：The state (which) I am going to is California.、介词表示工具或渠道例：I have just lost the pen (which) I wrote with for many years.、介词表示目的例：Where is the freedomwhich we have struggled for 20 years.、关系代词为that例：There is something that is not aware of.、在限制性定语从句中，关系代词被省略例：He is not a doctor you quarrel with.、定语从句中包含一个系动词（在这种情形下关系代词都省略）例：That was the hotel (which) I had been in. 、关系代词为两个或更多不同介词的宾语，或是一个及物动词而另一个不及物动词后介词的宾语。例：The old man whom I talked with and applied to is my boss. This man, whom I wrote to and asked a favour of will study my case.、关系代词前面已有介词of 例：Dr Lee, the office of whom I had been looking for 2 hours, had moved to a house just opposite to mine. * 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 在定语从句中，有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种，他们之间有5点不同:一、形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般要用逗号隔开。这是区别两种定语从句的主要标志。二、意义不同限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，如果去掉定语从句，主句意思不完整，甚至不合逻辑，而非限制性定语从句与其先行词关系不密切，只是对先行词的附加说明，如果去掉定语从句，主句意思仍然完整。例：I was the only person in our office who was invited. (我是我们办公室唯一受邀的人who引导的是限制性定语从句，如果去掉,主句意思就不完整。) Tom studies hard and is ready to help others, which his parents expect. (汤姆努力学习并乐于助人，这正是他父母所盼望的which引导的是非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整)三、翻译不同 翻译限制性定语从句时，一般先译定语从句，后译先行词，将从句冠在先行词上，而翻译非限制性定语从句时，一般先译先行词，再译定语从句，形成两个分句。例：I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一个在医院工作的姐姐.（可能还有姐妹在别外工作） I have a sister, who works in a hospital. 我有个姐姐，她在医院工作。（可能只有一个姐姐）四、先行词不同 限制必定语从句的先行词一般是单个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是单个的名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分或整个句子。例：Tom sold his house, which made his father very angry .五、引导词不同 能引导限制性定语从句的引导词一般都能引导非限制性定语从句，但that除外，that只可引导非限制性定语从句。 * 定语从句的主谓语一致性与主从句时态基点的一致性原则 一、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例：Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.二、定语从句中动词时态与主句的时态基点保持一致，或都以过去为基点， 或都以现在为基点。但是，有时要根据上下文而定，主句与从句的谓语动词可以用不同的时态。例：Nearby was a small boat in which Peter had come to the island. Where is the student whom I met jut now? Where is the student whom we will visit soon? Where is the student who is on duty today? * 保持主句的完整性并避免定语从句成分重复 一、在定语从句中不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须具有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句也就无法成立。例：1、Is this factory visited last week? 2、Is this the factory we visited last week? A、which B、where C、what D、one 解析：第一小题答案选择D。因为这一小题的主句不完整，主句缺一个表语，需要代词the one来补充完整并充当先行词。而引导定语从句的引导词因在从句中充当宾语可以省略。这句话变为陈述句，则为： The factory is the one we visited last week. 第二小题答案选择A。因为这一小题主句完整，先行词是the factory，该空只需一个引导词，而这个引导词所指的the factory在后面定语从句中充当 宾词成分，所以引导词只能选择which，也可以不填，该句变为陈述句，则为： This is the factory which we visited last week. 二、在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此，定语从句就不能出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?改正: Is this the train that they took last Sunday? 解析：定语从句中it与引导词that重叠，that本身已经指代先行词the train并在从句中作took的宾语，故题目中took后的it为多余词，应删去。 * 定语从句中关系代词省略的几种情况 在定语从句中除了which、that、who、whom在定语从句中作宾语时省略外，还有其他几种情况：一、定语从句中关系代词与be动词的省略1、凡是进行时态的定语从句，可以省略关系代词与be动词，仅用动词的ing形式便可。例:The man (who was) sitting in corner is my brother. (坐在角落的那个男人是我哥哥。)2、凡是被动语态的定语从句可以省略关系代词与be动词，仅用动词的过去分词便可。例:The goo